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MicroBIO > TEST 3 > Flashcards

TEST 3 Flashcards

1
Q

dmitosis results

A

-Results in two diploid (two copies of each chromosome)
daughter cells

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2
Q

meiosis results

A

-results in four haploid gametes

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3
Q

Cristae of mitochondria

A

-folded internal membranes
-Contain enzymes needed for respiration and ATP production

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4
Q

Matrix of mitochondria

A

-innermost area of mitochondrion
-Contains citric acid enzymes

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5
Q

Thylakoids in chloroplast

A

-flattened membrane discs contain
chlorophyll and ATP synthetic components, form proton motive force

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6
Q

rubisco

A

-key enzyme for calvin cycle
-found in inner membrane of mitochondria

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7
Q

Endosymbiotic hypothesis

A

-Mitochondria and chloroplasts descended from respiratory and
phototrophic bacterial cells, that were enveloped and used with nonphototrophic eukaryal hosts
-mitochondria utilized before chloroplasts

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8
Q

eukaryote origins

A

-fusion of archaeal host and mitochondrial precursor

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9
Q

Microtubules

A

hollow tubes made up of a & b tubulin
25nm
-Maintain cell shape, moves cell chromosomes and organelles

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10
Q

microfilaments

A

polymer of actin
7nm
-Maintain and change cell shape

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11
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

fibrous keratin proteins
8-12nm
-Maintain cell shape and position organelles

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12
Q

golgi complex

A

-stacks of membrane-bound sacs
modifying ER products

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13
Q

lysosomes

A

-membrane-enclosed compartments
containing digestive enzymes and recycling cell
components

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14
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

-a network of membranes continuous with nuclear membrane
-rough and smooth
-rough has ribosomes; processes glycoproteins
-smooth does not; processes lipids

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15
Q

flagella composition

A

-Bundle of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair of microtubules
-Dynein is attached and uses ATP to drive motility
-eukarya and prokarya flagella are different

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16
Q

first phototrophs

A

anaerobic

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17
Q

Stromatolites

A

fossilized bacterial communities

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18
Q

ozone shield

A

-02 gave rise to collection of 03 in atmosphere
-03 in atmosphere blocks suns harmful radiation (UV)
-allows for organisms to colonize land

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19
Q

Phylogeny

A

-Evolutionary history of related DNA
sequences

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20
Q

bacteria and archaea divergence in relation to eukarya

A

before the emergence of eukarya

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21
Q

bacteria and archaea divergence time

A

3.7bya

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22
Q

eukaryas divergence from archaea divergence time

A

1.5-2.7bya
-oxygen may have spurred evolution

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23
Q

last eukaryotic common
ancestor LECA characteristic

A

-4000 genes
2/3 from bacteria (metabolic)
1/3 archaea (info processing)
70% are genes only in eukaryotes

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24
Q

evidence for endosymbiont theory

A

-Chloroplasts and mitochondria about the same size as bacteria
and independently replicate
-Both contain their own genomes of bacterial genes and are
circular
-Both contain bacterial ribosomes
-16S rRNA are characteristic of Bacteria
-Antibiotics inhibit both bacterial and organelle ribosome function

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25
Q

Eukaryotic genes for DNA replication

A

derived from archaea
archaea is ancestor

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26
Q

Lokiarchaeota

A

-Genomes with eukaryotic features
-eukaryotic-like cytoskeleton
-ability to synthesize intracellular
membranes,
-which may have facilitated stable integration of an
endosymbion

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27
Q

Hydrogen hypothesis

A

-Eukaryotic cells arose from an H2-
producing bacterium and an H2- consuming Archaea

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28
Q

Symbiogenesis

A

-Eukaryotic cell arose from symbiotic
relationship between Bacteria and Archaea; bacterial
partner was engulfed to form mitochondria

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29
Q

Serial endosymbiosis
hypothesis

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts integrated into protoeukaryote after nucleus formed

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30
Q

Genetic drift

A

a random process that can cause
gene frequencies to change over time, resulting in
evolution in the absence of natural selection

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31
Q

mutation

A

changes in DNA sequence over time

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32
Q

evolution

A

change in allele frequency over time

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33
Q

Rhodobacter

A

anoxygenic phototrophic purple bacterium

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34
Q

rhodobacter loss of function example

A

-rhodobacter who have lost photoactivity do better in dark environments
-rhodobacter who keep photoactivity do better in light environments

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35
Q

duplication and deletions effects on genome

A

-regulates genome size
-regulates gene content, removing non essential genes and expanding functions

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36
Q

Homologous genes

A

-Genes that all descended from a single ancestral gene

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37
Q

Orthologs

A

-Homologus genes sharing the same function

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38
Q

Paralogs

A

-A single gene that diverges to many different functions in different organisms

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39
Q

deletion frequency compared to insertion/duplication

A

much more

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40
Q

horizontal gene transfer pathways

A

transformation, transduction, conjugation

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41
Q

Gene conversion

A

-homologous recombination results in replacement of recipient copy with donor copy

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42
Q

Mobilome

A

-Consists of all mobile genetic elements in a genome
-can shuffle genes between species (recombination between host genome and plasmid that is transfered to another species)

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43
Q

Insertion sequences

A

-Simple mobile elements made of transposase
-flanked by inverted repeats

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44
Q

Transposons

A

-mobile genetic elements
-have terminal inverted repeats and transposase
-gene

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45
Q

Integrons

A

-contain integrase gene which integrates extra chromosomal DNA into chromosome

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46
Q

Systematics

A

-Study of organisms and their relationships, links phylogeny with taxonomy
(characterizes, names, classifies organisms)

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47
Q

3 methods of approach to taxonomy

A

-phenotypic
-genotypic
-phylogenetic

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48
Q

sequence alignment

A

-positioning of codons is important
-establishes gaps in homologs

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49
Q

Homoplasy

A

-convergent evolution
-complicates phylogeneitc approach to taxonomy

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50
Q

horizontal gene transfer in relation to the phylogenetic approach to taxonomy

A

-complicates phylogenetic approach

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51
Q

phylogenetic taxonomy tests

A

-analyze SSU rRNA
-Multilocus sequence analysis

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52
Q

Average nucleotide identity

A

-estimates overall relatedness by aligning ~1000 bp fragments and
calculating average nucleotide identity

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53
Q

reduction potential

A

ability of a molecule to accept or donate an electron

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54
Q

fementation

A

-doesn’t need external electron acceptor
-excretes metabolic intermediates

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55
Q

respiration

A

-need external electron acceptor
-uses 02 as final electron acceptor

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56
Q

Assimilative

A

-integrates inorganic nutrients into cells which are the electron acceptors
-uses ATP

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57
Q

Dissimilative

A

-process conserves energy
-electron acceptor is reduced then excreted
-02 in respiration

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58
Q

Mixotrophs

A

-can utilize 2 different metabolism pathways for energy (photosynthesis and respiration)
-(autotroph and heterotroph)

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59
Q

autotrophs

A

-creates their own energy using inorganic materials usually sunlight or chemicals

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60
Q

calvin cycle

A

-most widespread pathway that fixes C02
-used by all oxygenic phototrophs
-uses rubisco

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61
Q

calvin cycle requirements

A

12NADPH & 18 ATP

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62
Q

calvin cycle products

A

fructose 6 phosphate

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63
Q

Carboxysomes

A

-Protein compartments filled with RubisCO

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64
Q

reductive calvin cycle

A

-reverse of calvin cycle
-24H & 10 ATP

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65
Q

photosynthesis

A

-Use of light energy to drive
biosynthesis
-those that use this pathway are photoautotrophs
-origininated in bacteria
-requires light sensative pigments such as cholorphyll to absorb light and convert energy

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66
Q

Tetrapyrroles

A

cytocrhome with magnesium at center instead of iron

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67
Q

chlorophylls absorb what colors

A

-red and blue
-transmits green as it doesnt absorb that color

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68
Q

Bacteriochlorophyll

A

-found in anoxygenic phototrophs

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69
Q

Antenna pigments

A

-absorb and capture and funnel the light, transferring it to reaction centers

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70
Q

Reaction centers

A

-where photosynthetic process take place
-where the light energy is transformed into chemical energy

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71
Q

thylakoid lumen

A

-space inside thylakoid
-creates pmf

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72
Q

thylakoid stroma

A

-surrounding matrix of thylakoid

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73
Q

Chlorosomes

A

-capture low light intensities
-in bacteria
-contains bacteriochlorophyll

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74
Q

Carotenoids

A

-most widespread accessory pigment
-yellow red brown or green
-absorbs blue light
-can transfer light to reaction center
-protects cell from photooxidation

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75
Q

Phycobiliprotein

A

-main light harvesting system in cyanobacteria and red algae
-red or blue/green tetrapyrroles
-allows cells to grow at low light intensities

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76
Q

oxidation of sulfur product

A

S04^-2

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77
Q

Sox system

A

-reduces sulfur to sulfate
-acidifies envrionment

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78
Q

Primary fermentation

A

-break down and ferment carbohydrate, protein, fat polymers and monomers to reduced products

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79
Q

Secondary Fermentation

A

-break down and ferment volitile fatty acids

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80
Q

Major substrate of fermentation in nature?

A

lactate

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81
Q

Syntrophy

A

-Two different microbes cooperate to perform
a reaction neither can do alone
-usually secondary fermentations

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82
Q

direct syntrophy

A

direct contact between cells to allow for syntrophy

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83
Q

Mediated syntrophy

A

diffusion of metabolic prodcuts allows for syntrophy

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84
Q

Metabolic diversity

A

L

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85
Q

Ecological diversity

A

-microbial interactions between organisms and
their environments

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86
Q

Phylogenetic diversity

A

-evolutionary relationships between organisms

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87
Q

Gene loss

A

-trait is present in a common ancestor is
lost during divergence over time

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88
Q

Convergent evolution

A

-trait has evolved independently in different lineages and is not encoded by homologous genes

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89
Q

Photosystem 1

A

-FeS in center of oxygenic phototroph
-can do photosynthesis w/o help from ps2 through anoxygenic photosynthesis

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90
Q

Photosystem 2

A

-Quinone in center of oxygenic phototroph
-transfers energy (electrons) to photosystem 1 in Z scheme
-oxidizes water into oxygen
-reduces hydrogen for pmf

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91
Q

phototrophic bacteria hydrogen produced per o2 in photosynthesis

A

12H+ per 02 molecule

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92
Q

cyanobacteria aquired ps1 & ps2 how?

A

through horizontal gene transfer

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93
Q

Purple sulfur bacteria

A

-Anoxygenic phototrophs that use
hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor for photosynthesis
-use bacteriochlorophyll and q types to harvest light
-uses 2 different ways to store excess sulfur

94
Q

green sulfur bacteria

A

-nonmotile, anoxygenic phototrophs
-long/short rod shape
-Oxidize H2S to S and S04 for autotrophy
-uses bacteriochlorophyll in chlorosomes
-green and brown species

95
Q

Methylotrophs

A

-grow using organic compounds lacking
C-C bonds as electron donors and carbon sources
-found in oceans/soils at interface of oxygenic and anoxygenic areas

96
Q

Methanotrophs

A

-subset of methylotrophs that use
methane for growth
-only archaea

97
Q

cyanobacteria

A

-oxygenic phototrophs that undergo photosynthesis as expected
-can be unicellular or filamentous
-5 morphological groups
-can fix nitrogen (dominant nitrogen fixer in oceans)
-can use gas vesicles/flagella/other cell motility structures
-uses thylakoids and pigments to harvest light

98
Q

Consortium

A

two membered cell binding

99
Q

epibiotic predators

A

attach to prey surface and
acquire nutrients from cytoplasm or periplasm

100
Q

cytoplasmic predators

A

invade host
cells and replicate in cytoplasm, consuming prey from within

101
Q

social predators

A

swarm and collectively feed upon lysed prey

102
Q

Myxobacteria

A

-cell predator
-Most complex behavior
among known bacteria
-Life cycle results in
formation of multicellular
structures (fruiting bodies

103
Q

Bdellovibrio

A

-cell predator
-Small, motile, curved
-preys on other bacteria and use host cytoplasmic contents as nutrients
-has 2 stages of penetration
-attacks exclusively gram negatives
-obligate aerobes
-NOT OBLIGATED TO PREDATE

104
Q

Magnetotaxis

A

directed movement in a magnetic field

105
Q

Magnetosomes

A

made of magnetic chains of particles

106
Q

reaction center in photosystem 1

A

FeS

107
Q

reaction center in photosystem 2

A

quinone

108
Q

Fe3O4 magnetosome

A

aerobic magnetosome

109
Q

Fe3S4 magnetosome

A

anaerobic magnetosome

110
Q

common traits of archaea

A

-Ether-linked lipids
-Lack of peptidoglycan in cell walls
-RNA pol are complex like eukarya’s

111
Q

Halophilic Cytoplasmic components

A

-Highly acidic
-Require K+ for activity
-Low level of hydrophobic amino acids and lysine (positively charged)

112
Q

Bacteriorhodopsin

A

-membrane protein
-Absorbs light energy and pumps protons across the membrane

113
Q

3 Methanogenic Pathways

A

-C02 reduction
-coenzyme M
-syntrophic w anaerobic bacteria

114
Q

Methanogenesis products

A

2 pathways that create 2 different products

-either C02 and CH4
-Only CH4

115
Q

Nanoarchaeum equitans

A

-smallest cellular organism
-coccoid
-cant grow in pure culture as its parasitic
-smallest genome
-thermophile

116
Q

Primary Endosymbiosis

A

bacteria was aquired by ancestor of eukarya
-occured w obtaining of mitochondria and chlorophyll

117
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis

A

-engulfing a green/red algal cell, retaining its chloroplast, and becoming phototrophic

118
Q

Fungal Physiology

A

-multicellular creating network of hyphae
-heterotrophs
-lack flagella in most

119
Q

mycelia

A

-several compact tufts hyphae w large surface area

120
Q

conidia

A

-hyphae that extends above the surface of the ground
-pigmented
-resistant to death

121
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

-help plants obtain phosphorus and nitrogen.
-associates w plant roots

122
Q

3 forms of fungal asexual reproduction

A

-growth/spread of hyphael filaments
-asexual production of sprores
-simple cell division

123
Q

fungal spores

A

-Sexual spores (diploid 2 diff fungi)
-Spores are resistant to drying, heating, freezing, and chemicals

124
Q

fungal divergence time

A

1.5 bya
closest to animals than other eukaryotic organisms

125
Q

rhizobia

A

nitrogen fixing bacteria
gram negative
alpha and beta proteobacteria genera

126
Q

human gut affects on humans

A

immunity
vitamin synthesis
metabolism
gut-brain communication

127
Q

deitary fiber

A

indigestible carbohydrate found in plants
can be fermented by gut bacteria

128
Q

fructooligosaccarides

A

used as alternative sweeteners
30-50% as sweet as sugar

129
Q

Gut-brain axis

A

-bi-directional communication between brain and gut
-gut-microbiota influence communication
-diet influences gut-microbiota
-changes in gut-microbiota can lead to mood disorders, changes in mood

130
Q

bacterial species found in the gastric fluid

A

Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria

131
Q

bacterial species found in the mucus of the stomach

A

Firmicutes, Proteobacteria

132
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

found in 50% of populations gut bacteria
found in gastric mucosa

133
Q

large intestine function

A

undergoes fermentation
most microorganisms are restricted to the lumen here

134
Q

majority of bacteria in gut

A

-Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria are 98% of bacteria
-most people have mainly firmicutes or bacteroidetes bacteria in their gut

135
Q

3 enterotypes of the human gut
(enterotype=main gut biome composition)

A

-bacteroidetes
-prevotella
-ruminococcus

136
Q

how many microbes in gut biome

A

10^13

137
Q

bacteria per square centimeter of skin

A

1 million

138
Q

aging and gut microbiome

A

decreased microbiome diversity

139
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome characteristics

A

-chronic inflammation
-lower microbiome diversity
-western diet
-antibiotics help develop it

140
Q

virus

A

-genetic element that can only replicate with a host cell
-obligate intracellular parasite

141
Q

virion

A

-single virus outside host cell

142
Q

virulent infection

A

replicates destroying host

143
Q

Lysogenic infection

A

-host cell genetically altered because viral genome becomes part of host genome

144
Q

Capsid

A

-protein shell that surrounds the genome of a virus

145
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

nucleic acid + capsid

146
Q

Naked viruses

A

single layered capsid virus

147
Q

enveloped viruses

A

multilayered capsid virus

148
Q

Capsomere

A

proteins structured in repetative/presice shape to create capsid

149
Q

helical capsid

A

rod shaped virus
length determined by length of nucleic acid
width determined by packaging

150
Q

Icosahedral capsid

A

can be spherical/hexagonal
most efficient arrangment
requires fewest capsomeres

151
Q

complex capsid

A

head & pilus virus
most complex

152
Q

Lysozyme for viruses

A

-makes hole in cell wall to allow nucleic
acid entry, lyses bacterial cell to release new virions

153
Q

Neuraminidases for viruses

A

-destroy glycoproteins and glycolipids, allow liberation of viruses from cell

154
Q

Nucleic acid polymerases

A

-aid in virus genome replication
can be RNA/DNA/reverse transcriptases

155
Q

Titer

A

number of infectious virions per volume of fluid

156
Q

Plaque assay

A

-clear zones of cell lysis where successful
viral infections occur

157
Q

5 steps of replication for a virus

A

1) attachment
2) penetration
3) synthesis
4) assembly
5) release

158
Q

Early proteins

A

-proteins made early after infection
-usually enzymes
-usually made in small amounts
-includes nucleic acid polymerases that shut down host transcription/translation

159
Q

late proteins

A

-proteins made late after infection
-made in large amounts
-includes structural and assembly proteins

160
Q

prokaryotic viruses

A

only nucleic acid enters host cell

161
Q

eukaryotic viruses

A

virion enters host cell

162
Q

Viroplasms

A

-membrane bound viral factory
-forms in some eukaryotic
cells to increase virion assembly rate
and protect from host defense

163
Q

viral infection of animal cells

A

-bind to host receptors
-some viruses only infect certain tissues due to the appearance of certain cell surface receptors
-cell membrane and virus membrane merge
-viral genome enters nucleus
-RNA viruses are converted into DNA in nucleocapsids

164
Q

four outcomes of viral infection

A

1) transformation of host cell (tumor cell)
2) virulent infection (cell lysis)
3) persistant infection (host cell stays alice, slow release of virions)
4)latent infection (virus integrates into host genome, can trigger virulent infection)

165
Q

plant infection of viruses

A

-plants have cell wall blocking viruses
-viruses infect through wounds usually from insects that transmit virus

166
Q

DNA virus genome

A

smaller than cell genomes

167
Q

RNA virus genome

A

smaller than DNA virus genomes
genome is mRNA

168
Q

once virus infects host

A

-transcription of viral DNA occurs
-mRNA must be made by genome transcription

169
Q

Baltimore Class 1
POX virus

A

-dsDNA
-replicates in cytoplasm
-largest animal virus
-pox viruses (small pox, cow pox)
-cell lyses and releases viruses
-used to make vaccines

170
Q

Baltimore Class 1
herpes virus

A

-largest group of enveloped viruses
-latent, reappears under stressful conditions

171
Q

Baltimore Class 2

A

-ssDNA
-infects plants animals bacteria
-circular genome
-a protein shuts down host DNA synthesis
-lysis occurs after shutting down of peptidoglycan synthesis of host

172
Q

Baltimore Class 3

A

-dsRNA
-binds to receptor enters via lysosome
-replicates in cytoplasm

173
Q

Baltimore Class 4

A

-ssRNA
-genome is the infectous agent
-replicates in cytoplasm
-lysis releases viruses

174
Q

Baltimore Class 5

A

-ssRNA
-complex assembly
-released by budding
-RNA must be translated by host

175
Q

Baltimore Class 6

A

-ssRNA
-uses reverse transcriptase (genome not used as mRNA)
-

176
Q

Baltimore Class 7

A
177
Q

Retroviruses

A

Baltimore Class VI, (+)ssRNA viruses
-need a DNA intermediate to complete replication

178
Q

Hepadnaviruses

A

doublestranded DNA viruses
need RNA intermendiate to complete replicaiton

179
Q

Vector

A

-agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism

180
Q

Zoonosis

A

animal disease transmissible to humans

181
Q

Enzootic

A

present endemically in certain populations

182
Q

Epizootic

A

incidences reach epidemic proportions in
certain populations

183
Q

Baltimore class 5 rabies

A

ssDNA
infects CNS, proliferates in brain
enters through wound

184
Q

Baltimore class 5 Hantavirus

A

hemmoragic fever with renal syndrome
sudden onset
mortaility rate is >40%

185
Q

Rickettsia

A

-small bacteria that have intracellular
existence in vertebrates
-usually blood sucking arthopods
-cant be cultured in lab but in bugs
-three groups-
-typhus,
-spotted fever
-ehrlichiosis

186
Q

Typhus group of Rickettsia

A

-transmitted by bite, contaminated by its feces
-mortalitiy rates ~30%

187
Q

spotted fecer of rickettsia

A

-transmitted by dogs and wood ticks
-grows in nucleus/cytoplasm
-headach fever rash

188
Q

Tickborne ehrlichiosis &
anaplasmosis

A

-flulike symptoms
-antibiotics treat it
-transmitted by tick bites

189
Q

Lyme disease & Borrelia

A

-developed over months
-treated by antibiotics
-caused by spirochetes

190
Q

Yellow Fever Baltimore Class 4

A

-transmitted by mosquitos
-endemic to tropical climates (africa/south america)
-no antiviral
-preventable by vaccination
-

191
Q

Dengue Fever Baltimore Class 4

A

-transmitted by mosquitos
-endemic to tropical climates
-infected improve on their own
-no vaccine
-found in mexico latin america africa

192
Q

Zika Virus Baltimore Class 4

A

-found in south america
-transmitted mother to fetus and mosquitos
-

193
Q

West Nile Virus Baltimore Class 4

A

-transmitted to mosquitos
-seasonal
-no vaccine available
-meningitis

194
Q

Black Death/ Plague

A

-Yersinia pestis, gram-negative,
facultative aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria
-fleas cause disease

195
Q

Pneumonic plague

A

when the plague reaches the lungs

196
Q

Septicemic plague

A

rapid spread of the plague throughout the body especially the blood stream

197
Q

bubonic plague

A

-most common
-Local hemorrhage produce dark
splotches on skin and eventual
tissue necrosis (gives plague
historical name “Black Death”)

198
Q

Sylvatic plague

A

plague endemic to rodents

199
Q

Giardia intestinalis

A

-Flagellated anaerobic
parasite
-has mitosomes instead of mitochondria
-causes giarditis

200
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

-Flagellated anaerobic parasite
-Has hydrogenosomes in place of
mitochondria
-survives in moist areas (toilet seats, sauna
benches, and towels)
-asymptomatic in males
-vaginal
discharge, itching, and burning in females

201
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

A

-Parasitic coccidia
-Transmitted to humans through
fecally contaminated water
-protist that lives in warm blooded animals
-

202
Q

Cyclosopra cayetanensis

A

-Parasitic coccidia
-Transmitted to humans through
fecally contaminated food
-protist that lives in warm blooded animals
-

203
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

-Parasitic coccidia
-Transmitted to humans through
fecally contaminated food or water
-asymptomatic
-Damages eyes, brain, and other
organs in immunocompromised
individuals
-causes birth defects
-

204
Q

Malaria

A

-Protist disease caused by Plasmodium spp.
-mosquitos cause disease
-found in tropical regions
-

205
Q

Leishmania tropica & L. mexicana

A

-Flagellated protozoan
-transmitted by bite of sandfly
-infects and grows on macrophages
-

206
Q

Leishmania donovani

A

Flagellated protozoan
-Related to trypanosomes
-transmitted by bite of sandfly
-travels to internal organs Damages liver, spleen, and bone marrow
-fatal if left untreated

206
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

A

-African sleeping
sickness
–Transmitted by bite of tsetse fly
-Parasite multiplies in blood
and spinal fluid
-infects CNS
-

207
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

A

-Causes Chagas disease
-Transmitted by “kissing bug”
-Parasite affects heart,
gastrointestinal tract, and central
nervous system
-occurs in latin america

208
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

-snail fever
-caused by trematode Schistosoma
-life cycle requires snails and humans
-occurs in tropical climates

209
Q

Filariasis

A

-Transmitted by bite of
mosquito
-

210
Q

symbiogenesis hypothesis

A

mitochondria was integrated into eukarya before nucleus first formed

211
Q

infection

A

microorganism is established and
growing in a host

212
Q

disease

A

tissue damage/injury that impairs hosts function

213
Q

pathogen

A

Microbial parasites that cause disease or tissue damage in a host

214
Q

Pathogenicity

A

ability of a parasite to inflict damage on the host

215
Q

Septicemia

A

bloodborne systemic infection

216
Q

Bacteremia

A

the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

217
Q

Virulence

A

ability of a pathogen to cause
disease

218
Q

Attenuation

A

decrease or loss of virulence

219
Q

Opportunistic infections

A

caused by
organisms that do not cause disease in healthy hosts

220
Q

tissue destroying enzymes

A

Hyaluronidase
Coagulase
streptokinase

221
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

breaks down host tissues

222
Q

Coagulase

A

forms clots

223
Q

streptokinase

A

breaks down clots

224
Q

Exotoxins

A

Proteins released from the pathogen cell as it grows
-Cytolytic toxins
-AB toxins
-Superantigen toxins

225
Q

AB toxins

A

blocks protein synthesis
A active domain
B binding domain

226
Q

Enterotoxins

A

exotoxins whose activity affects the small intestine

227
Q

cytolytic exotoxins

A

degrades cytoplasmic membrane integrity
causes cell lysis and death

228
Q

superantigens

A

overstimulation of immune system
leads to shock and death

229
Q
A

MicroBIO (6 decks)

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