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MicroBIO > Put on flashcard for test 3 > Flashcards

Put on flashcard for test 3

1
Q

Clostridium kluyveri Fermentation

A

ferments ethanol and acetate
to butyrate, caproate, H2 products

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2
Q

cyanobacteria examples–Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus

A

most abundant ocean
phototrophs, contributing 80 percent of marine photosynthesis and 35
percent of total photosynthesis

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3
Q

cyanobacteria family Chroococcales

A

unicellular, divided by
binary fission

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4
Q

cyanobacteria family Pleurocapsales

A

unicellular, dividing by
multiple fission

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5
Q

cyanobacteria family Oscillatoriales

A

filamentous
nonheterocystous

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6
Q

cyanobacteria family Nostocales

A

filamentous,
divide on a single axis,
can differentiate

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7
Q

cyanobacteria family Stigonematales

A

filamentous, divide into
multiple planes, forming
branching filaments

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8
Q

cyanobacteria structure hormogonia

A

short,
motile filaments that break off to
facilitate dispersal under stress

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9
Q

cyanobacteria structure cyanophycin

A

nitrogen
storage product

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10
Q

Purple sulfur bacteria Ectothiorhodospiraceae

A

deposit elemental sulfur outside the
cells and have lamellar intracellular photosynthetic membrane
systems

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11
Q

Purple sulfur bacteria family Chromatiaceae

A

store elemental sulfur granules in the
periplasm vesicular intracellular photosynthetic membrane
systems

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12
Q

purple sulfur bacteria family Thermochromatium

A

thermophilic and inhabits
sulfidic hot springs, forming thin biofilms

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13
Q

purple sulfur bacteria species T. tepidum

A

-model system for studying energy transfer
from light-harvesting (antenna) pigments to photosynthetic
reaction center

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14
Q

green sulfur bacteria family Prosthecochloris

A

widespread outside of freshwater

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15
Q

green sulfur bacteria species chlorobaculum tepidum

A

thermophilic; model organism

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16
Q

green sulfur bacteria key genera

A

Chlorobium, Chlorobaculum,
Prosthecochloris, “Chlorochromatium”

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17
Q

methylotroph key genera

A

Hyphomicrobium, Methylobacterium

other genera- Alpha-, Beta-, Gammaproteobacteria,
Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes

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18
Q

aerobic methylotroph generas

A

Methylomonas, Methylosinus

-characteristics-
-Use methane as an electron donor and typically also as a carbon source
-Mostly Proteobacteria

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19
Q

type 1 aerobic methylotrophs

A

Type 1 assimilate one-carbon compounds via ribulose monophosphate cycle and are Gammaproteobacteria

membranes arranged as bundles of disk-
shaped vesicles throughout the cell

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20
Q

type 2 aerobic methylotrophs

A

Type 2 assimilate one-carbon compounds via serine pathway and are Alphaproteobacteria

have paired membranes running along the cell periphery

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21
Q

Verrucomicrobial methanotrophs

A

have membrane vesicles

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22
Q

methylotroph Methylomirabilis oxyfera

A

obligate anaerobic
methanotroph that uses methane monooxygenase to oxidize methane to
-reduces nitrite to nitric oxide, which is dismutated to N2 and O2
-O2 consumed by methane monooxygenase

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23
Q

microbial predators genera

A

Bdellovibrio, Myxococcus

found in Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi,
Melainabacteria

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24
Q

magnetic microbes key genera

A

Magnetospirillum

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25
Q

5 archaea groups

A

Nanoarchaeota (only coculture or enrichment)
Korarchaeota (only coculture or enrichment)
Thaumarchaeota (several species isolated)
Crenarchaeota (better characterized)
Euryarchaeota (better characterized)

26
Q

Halophilic Cytoplasmic components

A

-Highly acidic
-Require K+ for activity
-Lower levels of hydrophobic amino acids and lysine (positively charged) than non halophilic enzymes

27
Q

Archaea subcategory Euryarchaeota

A

-has Extremely Halophilic Archaea
-has Methanogenic Archaea
-has hyperthermophiles
-has methanogens

28
Q

Archaea Euyarchaeota Halococcus

A

-large plasmids containing up to 30 percent of total DNA
-Mostly respire; no sugar fermentation

29
Q

Archaea Euyarchaeota Halobacterium

A

-gram-negative organism
-Reproduce by binary fission
-obligate aerobes;
-some have gas vesicles to provide buoyancy
-Most are nonmotile (lack archaella)

30
Q

Archaea Euyarchaeota Thermoplasmatales

A

-thermophilic and/or acidophilic
-chemoorganotroph

31
Q

Archaea Euyarchaeota Thermoplasma

A

-evolved unique membrane to survive low ph and high temp

32
Q

Archaea Euyarchaeota Ferroplasma

A

-mesophile
-acidophile
-autotroph

33
Q

Methanopyrus

A

-Hyperthermophilic Methanogen
-produces methane

34
Q

Archaea Euyarchaeota Picrophilus

A

-acidophile
-has cell wall
-heterotropic
-cell wall disintigrates above pH of 4

35
Q

Archaea Euyarchaeota Thermococcales

A

-hyperthermophiles
-Spherical hyperthermophile
-Indigenous to anoxic thermal waters
-Have tuft of polar archaella
-highly motile
-Obligately anaerobic
-chemoorganotroph

36
Q

Archaea Euyarchaeota Archaeoglobus

A

-Oxides organics and reduces SO4-2 to H2S
-Irregular cocci
-thermophile
-Share coenzymes and many genes with
methanogens for CH4 production; ancestor
was probably a methanogen

37
Q

Archaea Euyarchaeota Ferroglobus

A

-Iron-oxidizing chemolithotroph coupling anaerobic oxidation
-thermophile

38
Q

Archaea Euyarchaeota Pyrococcus

A

-thermophile 100degrees C

39
Q

Archaea Euyarchaeota Methanogenic

A

Archaea Euyarchaeota Methanogenic

40
Q

Eukarya Excavates

A

-key genera-
Giardia, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma, Euglena
-have 2 nuclei
-have reduced mitochondria (mitosomes)
-some strains cause giardiasis a water borne disease

41
Q

Eukarya Excavates Diplomonads

A

-have 2 nuclei
-have reduced mitochondria (mitosomes)

42
Q

Eukarya Excavates Parabasalids

A
  • have a parasol body
    -Lack mitochondria but have
    hydrogenosomes for anaerobic
    metabolism
    -lack introns
43
Q

Eukarya Excavates Kinetoplastids

A

-has a kinetoplast, a mass of DNA
present in their single large mitochondrion
-lives in aquatic areas feeding on bacteria
-can cause disease

44
Q

Eukarya Excavates Euglenids

A

-Nonpathogenic
-Alternate nutritional lifestyles: both
chemotrophic and phototrophic
-Contain chloroplasts used when living
in light
-In dark environments lose chloroplast
can exist as chemoorganotrophs
-Can feed on bacteria by phagocytosis
13

45
Q

Eukarya Excavates Alveolata

A

-presence of alveoli, which are sacs underneath the cytoplasmic membrane
-ciliates, dinoflagellates, and
apicomplexans

46
Q

Eukarya Excavates Alveolata Ciliates

A

-posess cillia at some point
-most widely spread genus is paramecium
-have 2 nuclei micro/macronuclei
-during conjugation paramecia exchange micronuclei
-

47
Q

Eukarya Excavates Alveolata Dinoflagellates

A

-Diverse marine and freshwater
phototrophic organisms
-Has two flagella with different
insertion points on the cell
-Some are free-living, and others live
symbiotically with corals
-Dense suspensions of these cells are
called red tides
-Neurotoxin associated with fish kills and
can cause human poisoning (PSP:
paralytic shellfish poisoning)
-Pfiesteria piscicida is a genus of toxic
dinoflagellate responsible for massive
fish kills

48
Q

Eukarya Excavates Alveolata Apicomplexans

A

-Obligate parasites of animals
-Cause severe diseases such as malaria, toxoplasmosis, and coccidiosis
-Produce structures called sporozoites
-Function in transmission of the parasite to a new host
-Contain apicoplasts
-Degenerate chloroplasts that lack pigments and phototrophic capacity

49
Q

Eukarya Stramenopiles

A

-Key genera: Phytophthora, Nitzschia,
Ochromonas, Macrocystis
-Diatoms, oomycetes, golden algae, and brown algae
-Chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic members
-short hair like extensions

50
Q

Eukarya Stramenophiles DIatoms

A

-Over 100,000 species of diatoms
-Freshwater and marine habitats
-Cell walls are made of silica and are called frustules
-Exhibit radial and pinnate symmetry
-There is a diversity of species in nearly every naturalvwater source
-Appeared on Earth about 200 million years ago

51
Q

Eukarya Stramenophiles Oomycetes

A

-water molds based on their filamentous
growth and the presence of coenocytic hyphae
-Cell walls are made of cellulose, not chitin as in fungi
-Phytophthora infestans causes the late blight disease in potatoes and contributed to the Irish Potato Famine

52
Q

Eukarya Stramenophiles Golden Algae

A

-chrysophytes
-Most are unicellular and motile via two flagella
-Some are colonial
-Golden algae are named because of their golden-brown color

53
Q

Eukarya Stramenophiles Brown algae

A

-Marine and multicellular
-Are brown or green-brown in color depending on how much
fucoxanthin they produce

54
Q

Eukarya Stramenophiles Rhizaria

A

-Distinguished from other protists by their threadlike
pseudopodia that they use to move and feed
-Include Chlorarachniophyta, Foraminifera, and
Radiolaria

55
Q

Eukarya Stramenophiles Rhizaria Chlorarachniophyta

A

-Phototrophic and amoeba-like, chlorarachniophytes use flagella for movement
-These protists have atypical chloroplasts that are the product of secondary endosymbiosis
-Chloroplasts have four membranes (as opposed to typical two membranes) derived from engulfed eukaryotic algae
-Also contain a nucleomorph, which is the remnant of the engulfed algae

56
Q

Eukarya Stramenophiles Rhizaria Foraminifera

A

-Exclusively marine organisms
-They form shell-like structures called tests
-Tests are made from organic materials
reinforced with calcium carbonate

57
Q

Eukarya Stramenophiles Rhizaria Radiolarians

A

-Mostly marine, heterotrophic organisms
-Tests are made of silica
-Name derived from the radial symmetry of
tests

58
Q

Eukarya Ascomycota

A

-Key genera: Saccharomyces, Candida, Aspergillus
-Two haploid nuclei from different mating types fuse to form a diploid nucleus that eventually undergoes meiosis to form haploid ascospores
-examples include both baker’s yeast
and common molds

59
Q

Green Algae

A

-Key genera: Chlamydomonas, Volvox
-called chlorophytes
-inhabit freshwater or other marine places
-uni/mulicellular
-Endolithic algae grow inside porous rocks

60
Q
A

MicroBIO (6 decks)

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