PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

Question 1

are complex structures with several organelles lacking in animal cells

Answer 1

Plants cells

Question 2

Plants have two organ systems

Answer 2

ROOT SYSTEM and the
SHOOT SYSTEM

Question 3

is typically belowground and consists of roots, which specialized in water and nutrient absorption

Answer 3

root system

Question 4

consists of stems and leaves and is typically aboveground

Answer 4

shoot system

Question 5

Main tissue types

Answer 5

Epidermal, Vascular tissues, and Ground

Question 6

Functions in supporting the plant and transporting materials

Answer 6

Stem

Question 7

Functions in the presentation for food and function in photosynthesis

Answer 7

Leaves

Question 8

Types of Plants

Answer 8

*Non-vascular Plants
*Vascular Plants
*Seed Plants

Question 9

The most primitive types of plants lack vascular tissue, the tube like structures through which water and other materials move inside a plant.

Answer 9

Non-vascular Plants

Question 10

the process that allows water to diffuse across a cell membrane

Answer 10

osmosis

Question 11

are small and
grow on the surface of wet
soil

Answer 11

Liverworts and their
relatives

Question 12

are the small plants that form a green
carpet on the floor of many forests

also grow on trees and on rock surfaces

Answer 12

Mosses

Question 13

are true land plants because they have evolved ways to survive independent of wet environments

Answer 13

Vascular plants

tracheophytes

Question 14

look a great deal like
green feathers.

Answer 14

Fern leaves

Question 14

are small
evergreen plants with
needle-like or scale-like leaves

Answer 14

Club mosses

Question 15

are vascular plants that reproduce using seeds

Answer 15

Seed plants

Question 16

Seed plants can be divided into two groups

Answer 16

gymnosperms and
angiosperms

Question 16

are vascular plants that produce seeds that are not enclosed within a fruit

Answer 16

Gymnosperms

Question 17

flowering
plants and their seeds are
enclosed in fruits.

Answer 17

angiosperms

Question 18

The _______ protects the
seeds as they develop

Answer 18

fruit

Question 19

These seedless vascular plants reproduce in a two generation life cycle

Answer 19

• one that produces spores
• and one that does not produce spores

Question 20

*A life cycle is a continuous process and does not have a true beginning or end.

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

One place to begin describing the process of the life cycle of an angiosperm is at

Answer 21

germination

Question 22

*An adult angiosperm grows ________, which then go through the process of pollination.

Answer 22

flowers

Question 23

The FOUR MAIN ORGANS of angiosperms

Answer 23

roots, stems,
leaves, and flowers

Question 24

One of the factors how the flowers are pollinated are

Answer 24

Wind, water, animals, and insects

Question 25

The two generations

Answer 25

• Diploid sporophyte generation
• Haploid gametophyte generation

Question 26

flower’s male part

Answer 26

Anther

Question 27

Millions of diploid spores called

Answer 27

microsporosites

Question 28

Microsporosites are divided by miosis to produce

Answer 28

Haploid microspores

Question 29

Angiosperms and all other seed plants are considered

Answer 29

Heterospores

Question 30

Comes in various shapes and sizes and give a plant the
surface area it needs to absorb the water and minerals essential to its survival

Answer 30

Roots

Question 31

The outermost cells of the
roots absorb

Answer 31

water and
minerals

Question 32

Two types of Roots

Answer 32

Taproot and Fibrous roots

Question 33

• is a single thick structure that grows straight into the ground
• smaller branching roots grow out from its sides
• useful in areas where the water is deep in the soil

Answer 33

Taproot

Question 34

*securely anchors a plant in the soil and serves primarily as a storage organ for starch and sugar made by the plant.
* generally grow deep into the soil and can absorb water and nutrients there.

Answer 34

Taproot

Question 35

• consist of a great many thin, branching roots that grow from a central point.
• they look like stringy hairs
• this shallow branching nature of fibrous roots helps them absorb water quickly
• helps plants get water in sandy soil that does not hold water well

Answer 35

FIBROUS ROOTS

Question 36

serve primarily to hold the plant in the ground and provide a large surface area for water and mineral absorption

Answer 36

Fibrous roots

Question 37

• support the leaves, cones, fruits, flowers, and even seeds of plants.
• They hold a plant’s leaves up toward the sunlight.

Answer 37

Stems

Question 38

Stems contain two
types of vascular tissue.

Answer 38

Xylem and Phloem

Question 39

is vascular tissue made up of tube-shaped cells that transport water and dissolved minerals through the roots to the rest of the plant.

Answer 39

Xylem

Question 40

a hard substance in
xylem, helps give structure
to the plant

Answer 40

Lignin

Question 41

is tube-shaped vascular tissue that transports organic
molecules from the leaves throughout the plant

from the leaves throughout the plant, throughout its downward structure

Answer 41

Phloem

Question 42

There are two classifications of
stems:

Answer 42

herbaceous stems and
woody stems

Question 43

are green, soft, and flexible. Cells in this stems contain
chloroplasts that use light to make food for the plant

Answer 43

HERBACEOUS STEMS

Question 44

are hard,
strong, and rigid.

Answer 44

WOODY STEMS

Question 45

are plant organs whose main functions include capturing the energy of sunlight, making organic molecules, and exchanging gases with the environment

Answer 45

Leaves

Question 46

Leaves have an outer layer of
cells called

Answer 46

epidermis

Question 47

The upper epidermis has a waxy, waterproof coating that prevents the plant from losing too much water

Answer 47

cuticle

Question 48

The lower epidermis has tiny pores, or openings that allow molecules to move into and out of the plant.

Answer 48

stomata

Question 49

The process by which most of the water passes out of leaves as water vapor through the stomata in the lower epidermis is

Answer 49

TRANSPIRATION

Question 50

are the main
reproductive organs of
flowering plants.

Answer 50

Flowers

Question 51

Most flowers have four
main parts:

Answer 51

petals, sepals,
stamens, and a pistil

Question 52

is the transfer of pollen grains from stamen to pistil.
With few exceptions, it must take place before seeds can form.

Answer 52

Pollination

Question 53

offspring of the plant

Answer 53

Seed

Question 54

The ovary of the plant surrounding the seeds well and it will become a

Answer 54

Fruit

Question 55

• develops from a fertilized egg and then became an embryo
• vary widely in appearance, but they all have the same basic structure: a protective seed coat, an embryo, and stored food

Answer 55

Seeds

Question 56

Plants have evolved many ways to ensure that seeds are transported from where they are formed. This process is called

Answer 56

SEED DISPERSAL

Question 57

encased in tough husks
made of strong fibers with
air spaces between them

Answer 57

Coconuts seeds

Question 58

have small fluffy threads attached to them. The
threads help the wind carry the seeds aloft

Answer 58

Dandelion seeds

Question 59

The process by which the embryo in a seed begins to develop into a new plant is called

Answer 59

GERMINATION

Question 60

Seeds often undergo a period of inactivity called ________ until the conditions are right for germination.

Answer 60

dormancy

Question 61

Basic types of cells

Answer 61

*PROKARYOTIC CELLS
*EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Question 62

Cells consist of small mass of jelly-like living material called ________ surrounded by a ________, the outer boundary of the cell

Answer 62

cytoplasm; Plasma membrane

Question 63

All cells contain the genetic material, ____, that encodes the instructions for the cells activities

Answer 63

DNA

Question 64

• is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle
• the genetic material is in the cytoplasm

• They are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cell
• It has simple internal organization

Answer 64

prokaryote

Question 65

is any
cell with a true nucleus
and organelles
- the genetic material is located in the special structure in the nucleus bounded by a membrane

larger and have more complex structures

Answer 65

eukaryotic cell

Question 66

are membrane bound structures found inside eukaryotic cells and they play a similar role to the organs in our bodies

Answer 66

Organelles

Question 67

organisms with eukaryotic cell structures

Answer 67

Eukaryotes

Question 68

is a physical boundary that confines the contents of the cell to an internal
compartment

Answer 68

plasma membrane

Question 69

• having both
  hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic
  tail

Answer 69

Amphipath

Question 70

control center of the cell

Answer 70

Nucleus

Question 71

double membrane with
nuclear pores that
encloses nucleus.

contains pore lined with protein molecules

• substances there enter and leave the nucleus through this nuclear pores
• selective

Answer 71

Nuclear Envelope

Question 72

contains
the DNA

which is associated with certain protein molecules to form the chromatin

Answer 72

Nucleoplasm

Question 73

produces
sub units of ribosomes

Answer 73

Nucleolus

Question 74

permits passage of proteins into nucleus and ribosomal subunits of nucleus

Answer 74

Nuclear pore

Question 75

________ fleg-like material which is normally not visible under microscope but during cell division it coils and thickens and becomes visible as distinct structure called _______

Answer 75

chromatin; chromosomes

Question 76

is a major double-membrane organelle
found, among others, in the cells of plants and alga

are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell

Answer 76

plastid

Question 77

Often maintain pigment used in photosynthesis and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cells color

Answer 77

Plastids

Question 78

contain the enzymes necessary for photosynthesis plus the green pigment chlorophyll, a molecule with the vital role of absorbing light energy

occur variety of shape in algae

Answer 78

Chloroplasts

Question 79

The interior of the chloroplast contains

Answer 79

Thylakoids

Question 80

membranous stacks of thin,
flat, circular plates

Answer 80

Thylakoids

Question 81

a stack of thylakoids
is called

Answer 81

granum (pl ., grana)

Question 82

Contains enzyme that catalyze the chemical reaction of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide to carbohydrate

Answer 82

Stroma

Question 83

colorless plastids that form and
store starch, oils, or proteins

are common in seeds and in roots and stems modified for food storage

Answer 83

Leucoplasts

Question 84

contains pigments that provide yellow, orange, and red colors to certain flowers,
such as marigolds, and to ripe fruit, such as tomatoes and red peppers

Answer 84

Chromoplast

Question 85

often form
from chloroplasts when
chlorophyll breaks down

Answer 85

Chromoplasts

Question 86

powerhouse
of the cell

Answer 86

Mitochondria

Question 87

It generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical
reaction

Answer 87

Mitochondria

Question 88

• Convert the chemical energy in food molecule to ATP
• An intracellular organelle associated with respiration; provides the cell with ATP

appear as tiny rods

each of this is bounded by a double membrane
too small to be seen under our light electromicroscope

Answer 88

Mitochondria

Question 89

a series of chemical reaction in which fuel molecules are broken down into carbon dioxide and water with the release of energy

this process occurs in mitochondria

Answer 89

Cellular Respiration

Question 90

larger surface area than the outer membrane folds inward with the folds called Cristae projecting into the interior of the mitochondria

Answer 90

Inner Mitochondria Membrane

Question 91

found in the matrix, fluid inside the inner mitochondrion membrane

Answer 91

Outer respiratory enzyme

Question 92

• cell’s protein factories
• tiny bodies that are visible with the aid of an electron microscope.

occurs in the nucleus, plastids, and mitochondria

numerous in the cytoplasm where they are found free

Answer 92

Ribosomes

Question 93

• small organelles that are protein manufacturing centers of the cell
• used instructions from DNA in the nucleus to assemble proteins by joining amino acids in precise sequence, how ATP produces

carry out protein synthesis

Answer 93

Ribosomes

Question 94

each ribosome is composed of two sub unit, each subunit in turn consist of

Answer 94

RNA and Protein molecules

Question 95

• Facilitates cellular communication and channeling material
• extensive network of parallel membranes that extends throughout the cell’s interior

one of the major manufacturing centers of the
cell.

Answer 95

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 96

• continuous with both the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope surrounding the nucleus
• synthesizes the membranes for various
  organelles throughout the cell, including the nuclear envelope and other cellular organelles such as Golgi apparatus.

Answer 96

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 97

• studded with ribosome
• has ribosomes attached to it
• a site of protein synthesis

Answer 97

Rough ER

Question 98

• lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipid molecule
• ER without ribosomes
• associated with lipid synthesis

Answer 98

Smooth ER

Question 99

• also called as Golgi body or Golgi complex . It is made up of membrane-bound sacs

Answer 99

DICTYOSOMES

Question 100

• its job is to process and bundle macromolecules like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell
• factory for processing and packaging proteins and polysaccharides
• it consist of several flattened sacs, each of which is surrounded by a membrane
• and the edges of the sacs often bulge out and detach as vesicle

Answer 100

Golgi Apparatus

Question 101

sacs that contain cellular products, transport materials to the plasma membrane to the cell or to other organelles within the cell

Answer 101

Vesicle

Question 102

• collects and processes materials that are to be exported from the cell.
• produces and transports some of the
  polysaccharides that make up the cell wall.
• also collects materials that are stored inside large, membrane-bounded sacs called vacuoles.

Answer 102

Golgi Apparatus

Question 103

• which constitue the inner bounderies of the living part of the cell, are similar in structure and function to plasma membrane
• surrounds each vacuole and stimular in many respect to your plasma membrane
• membrane-bounded sac filled with liquid that contains a variety of materials like it consist of salt, ions, other pigments, and waste products

common in plants cells and cells of certain protist

in certain mature plant cells, it may occupy as much as 90% of the volume of the cell

Answer 103

VACUOLES

Question 104

• helps the cell maintain its shape by making it turgid
• provides strength for non-woody plants

temporary storage area

excess materials such as calcium ions are stored in this until the cell needs additional calcium.

Answer 104

VACUOLES

Question 105

one that is swollen or firm due
to water uptake

Answer 105

turgid cell

Question 106

Water-soluble pigments such as ________, which are blue, purple, or red, are often stored in the vacuole.

Answer 106

anthocyanins

Question 107

is a network of fibers that extends
throughout the cytoplasm and provides structure to a eukaryotic cell.

composed of protein fibers

important in cell movement

Answer 107

CYTOSKELETON

Question 108

CYTOSKELETON , includes TWO
TYPES OF FIBERS

Answer 108

microtubules and
microfilaments

Question 109

• involved in the addition of cellulose to your cell wall
• make up the spindle, a special structure that moves chromosomes during cell division

Answer 109

Microtubules

Question 110

• Other microtubules are a part of
  ________, hairlike extensions of certain cells that aid in locomotion
• are never associated with the cells of
  flowering plants, but they are important structures in algae and in male reproductive cells of other plants

Answer 110

flagella and cilia

flagella are stronger than cilia and occur in smaller numbers

Question 111

which are much thinner than
microtubules, can contract and are responsible for cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 111

Microfilaments

Question 112

• the movement of cytoplasm within the cell.
• the movement of cytoplasm in leaf cells helps orient the chloroplasts for optimal exposure to light.
• which strikes the leaf cells at different angle within the day as the sun drowses the sky
• aiding your movement sa cytoplasm within the cell

Answer 112

Cytoplasmic streaming

Question 113

• surround the plant cell
• a coating secreted by the cell, supports and protects each plant cell while providing routes for water and dissolved materials to pass to and from the cell.
• provide strength to the entire plant

Answer 113

Cell Wall

Plant cell walls are composed largely of cellulose

Question 114

a long-stranded polysaccharide that consists of as many as several thousand linked glucose molecules.

Answer 114

cellulose

Question 115

appear to control the movement of these vesicles
to the plasma membrane

Answer 115

Microtubules

Question 116

the material that thickens
jellies

Answer 116

pectin

Question 117

a layer of pectic compounds, cements the
primary cell walls of adjacent cells together.

Answer 117

middle lamella

Question 118

• a hard substance in which the cellulose fibers become embedded. (may also be found in primary cell walls.)
• gives wood, which consists largely of secondary cell walls, many of
  its distinctive properties.

Answer 118

Lignin

Question 119

• Cells in a multicellular plant need to communicate among themselves, a process that is known as

cells communicate with chemical cignals, it’s either molecules or ions

Answer 119

cell signaling

Question 120

• which are tiny channels through adjacent cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells
• pathways through the cytoplasm

Answer 120

plasmodesmata (sing .,
plasmodesma)

Question 121

the bilayer that is with Fluid Mosaic Model

Answer 121

Plasma membrane

Question 122

• describes the membrane structure
• the current model of the plasma membrane and other cell membranes in which protein molecules float in a fluid phospholipid bilayer
• characterizes the plasma membrane
  and other cell membranes as consisting of a double layer, or bilayer, of lipid molecules.

It consist of hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail

Answer 122

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

Question 123

One of the important lipid
components of membranes is
________, composed of a glycerol
molecule to which are attached two
fatty acids and a molecule containing
a phosphate group

Answer 123

phospholipid

Question 124

The phosphate end of the
phospholipid molecule is ________-that
is, slightly charged-whereas the fatty
acid chains are ________.

Answer 124

polar; nonpolar

Question 125

The polar “head” is ________ it has an affinity for
water.

Answer 125

hydrophilic

Question 126

The nonpolar “tail” is ________
it has an
aversion to water

Answer 126

hydrophobic

Question 127

regulate the passage of materials because
they are selectively permeable

Answer 127

membranes

Question 128

a relatively constant set of
internal conditions

Answer 128

homeostasis

Question 129

-receive
information from their surroundings, including other cells.

Answer 129

plasma membrane

Question 130

Chemical messengers such as ________ often bind to special molecules in a membrane and set off some type of response in the cell.

Answer 130

hormones

Question 131

Membranes of other organelles, such as the are the _________.

Answer 131

sites of
enzymatic activity

Question 132

• involves the in and out movement of molecules, elements, and water across the cell.
• the required elements like oxygen, nitrogen, and water move inside, and the waste or toxic
  molecules are thrown out of the cell.

Answer 132

Transport process

Question 133

two types of transport processes

Answer 133

Mediated transport process and Non-mediated transport process

Question 134

• a specific carrier protein is required.
• requires energy for the movement of molecules.

Answer 134

Mediated transport process

Question 135

• a simple diffusion process occurs.
• The driving force of transportation of substance is dependent on carrier protein.
• some materials move passively through membranes by physical process like either diffusion or through osmosis

other materials move in and out of the cell by process such as the active transport which requires the cell to expand energy

Answer 135

Non-mediated transport process

Question 136

• The movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
• atoms and molecules move along a concentration gradientthat is from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.

Answer 136

DIFFUSION

Question 137

important to cellular function because it is responsible for the movement of many materials throughout the cytoplasm and into and out of cells.

however, other materials cannot pass through a cells membrane by diffusion because they are either too large or too polar
this should be non-polar

Answer 137

DIFFUSION

Question 138

a special kind of diffusion, is the movement of water through a selectively
permeable membrane from a solution with a higher concentration of water to a
solution with a lower concentration of water.

Answer 138

Osmosis

Question 139

The substances that are dissolved
in water are referred to as ________,
and the water is referred to as the
_______.

Answer 139

solutes; solvent

Question 140

A cell’s plasma membrane is
____________ to sugars and salts, but water moves across the membrane freely in either direction

Answer 140

relatively impermeable

Question 141

Such solutions are said to be
____________ -that is, they have a
solute concentration equal to
that in the cell.

The water flows out of the cell and into the surrounding solution

Answer 141

isotonic

Question 142

When a cell is placed in a solution with a solute concentration higher than that within the cell, the solution is said to be _________ to the cell.

Because water is always smooth from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, the water moves out of the cell and the cytoplasm will shrink

Answer 142

hypertonic

Question 143

When a cell is placed in a solution with a solute concentration lower than that within the cell, the solution is said to be
________ to the cell. In such a situation, water flows into the cell from the surrounding solution.

The water passes freely through the plasma membrane and it always moves from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration, the water moves into the cell and this is where the cell swell

Answer 143

HYPOTONIC

Question 144

This internal pressure of water
against the cell wall is known as

Answer 144

TURGOR PRESSURE

Question 145

• materials diffuse from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through special passageways in the membrane
• enhances the diffusion of certain molecules such as ions through cell membrane but always in a direction of your concentration gradient that is high to low concentration of that material

without this, these matrials would not be able to move through your plasma membrane

Answer 145

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 146

These passageways are actually
membrane proteins called ________, which are channels in the membrane that function as conveyor belts.

Answer 146

carrier
proteins

Question 147

• is the assisted movement of a substance from a lower concentration to a higher concentration of that substance.
• substances move against the concentration gradient working against the concentration requires a direct expendature of energy usually supplied by ATP

Answer 147

Active transport

Question 148

the cell’s energy carrying molecule

Answer 148

ATP

Question 149

Active transport in a pump that is powered by

Answer 149

ATP Hydrolysis