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NEURO 277 > The Corticostriatal Circuit: Disorder > Flashcards

The Corticostriatal Circuit: Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

what is ADHD?

A

(VS hypoactivity)
constellation of symtoms: attention deficit, hyperactivity, impulsivity
*more often diagnosed in boys than girls

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2
Q

STUDY: MIDT w ADHD

A

VS hypoactivity in anticipation of reward
lower VS activity = greater symptom severity

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3
Q

STUDY: Marshmallow task w ADHD

A

during anticipation when delay: lower DS activity (overall)
WHY? may occur because no regulation of VS leading to hyperactivity and impulsivity

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4
Q

STUDY: ADHD and impulsivity

A

greater DS activity and hyperactivity w ADHD
WHY? may be a failure of VS gate activation in anticipation of a rewarding stimuli

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5
Q

integrating ADHD into the model

A

(taking operant conditioning, execution of plan model)
- lower VS activation, greater DS activation, more movement
(DS acts independently of the VS because DS hyperactivity even itf hypoactivity of VS)

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6
Q

ADHD and predicting shift of cues

A

lower VS activity based on symptom severity (not able to shift from reward to cues that predict reward)

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7
Q

Dopamine transfer deficit hypothesis (DTD hypothesis)

A

altered firing of dopamine in response to a cue

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8
Q

normal dopamine activity vs. DTD

A

normally: dopamine during unexpected reward, dopamine activity during cue and reward, eventually just dopamine release during cue

DTD: hyperactivity/ impulsivity may emerge from a failure of DA to transfer to cues

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9
Q

what does aderall do?

A

floods the system with dopamine

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10
Q

what is conduct and antisocial personality disorder?

A

(VS hyperactivity)

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11
Q

STUDY: MIDT and ASPD

A

VS hyperactivity in anticipation of reward
greater VS activity associated with antisocial behavior
greater DA activity

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12
Q

ADHD and ASPD on a spectrum

A

bell curve
ADHD on the left (hyperactivity of VTA/ VS)
ASPD on the right (hypoactivity of VTA/ VS)

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13
Q

STUDY: Mendota Medical Treatment Center for Incarcerated Kids

A

(if retain good points, get to do more good things)
capitalize on their sensitivity to reward, don’t respond well to punishment

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14
Q

What is MDD?

A

(VS hypoactivity)
another contributor is anhedonia (the absence of pleasurable experiences)

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15
Q

STUDY: MIDT and MDD

A

no major difference in VS activation
(3rd time they conducted this study, found lower VS activity)

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16
Q

STUDY: looking at happy expressions

A

greater amygdala activity to sad expressions in MDD

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17
Q

STUDY: reading and rating words

A

(rated positive, neutral, and negative words)
FIND: individuals with depression found less VS activity to positive words (correlated with anhedonic symptoms)

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18
Q

STUDY: meta analysis of kids and activation of VS across time

A

hypoactivity in onset of depression
- blunted positive response to reward as kids can be a pathway to depression

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19
Q

Treatment of MDD in kids

A

greater baseline VS response in kids –> greater likelihood activation therapy works

20
Q

pharmacological treatments

A

(on SSRI for 6 weeks)
before treatment: hypo VS activity
post-treatment: hyper VS activity (associated with symptom improvement)
*magnitude of VS activation predicts positivity of symptoms

21
Q

DBS surgery

A

through a study showing impact of stimulation on and off, symptom severity much lower after DBS surgery and stimulation
*unclear if targeting of VS of vmPFC is better

22
Q

STUDY: resilience

A

(study of college students who recently experienced a lot of stressors)
- if have lower VS activity as you’re experiencing more stressors low positive affect (only experience this if have lower VS activity to reward)

23
Q

what is PTSD?

A

(VS hypoactivity)
internalizing disorder

24
Q

*recall
STUDY: Israeli solders & PTSD

A

(bottom right quadrant) greater response to threat and lower response to reward –> most severe case of PTSD
- may reflect an inability to maintain a positive affect in stressful times

25
Q

what are eating disorders?

A

(VS hyperactivity)

26
Q

STUDY: MIDT & eating disorders

A

*not super useful to study this way bc more about perception
don’t respond to food reward in the same way

27
Q

STUDY: body image

A

(given compilation of images of bidy mass, 8 different ones, labeling as under/ normal/ overweight)
(guess weight & decide how image makes you feel about yourself

28
Q

STUDY: body image
“what is this person’s weight?”

A

Pretty accurate
*shows its not about abnormal perception, just abnormal motivation

29
Q

STUDY: body image
“how would you feel if you were this weight?”

A

very good: underweight
very bad for normal & overweight
(in anorexia nervosa people)
- greater VS activity in viewing underweight bodies
- lower VS activity in viewing overweight bodies

30
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

(AN)
distorted body image, excessive dieting –> sever weight loss, pathological fear of being fat

31
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

(BN)
severe weight gain fear, maintain normal weight through binge eating and purging cycles

32
Q

STUDY: food preference

A

general preference for low calorie, low-fat food
dlPFC acts on DS
IN BRAIN:
- low calorie food choice: activation in DS caudate, stronger signals = stronger preference
- greater functional connectivity between dlPFC and DS in women with BS when choice for low calorie mag correlate with amount of food eaten the next day

33
Q

substance use disorder cycle (addiction)

A

intoxication –> bingeing –> withdrawal –> craving –>

34
Q

why does addiction develop?

A

drugs can open the VS gate through direct release of the DA key –> drug “high” (drug activation of ‘hedonic hot spots’ in VS and VP)

35
Q

intoxication

A

(primary reinforcer) goal-directed
greater VS activation with great intoxication

36
Q

Craving

A

(secondary reinforcer) cues of drug abuse
- elicit reaction in VS activation
- ex. drug paraphernalia, flavor of alcohol, aroma of alcohol etc. are all cues that lead to craving and drug seeking behavior

37
Q

what is considered a drug?

A

its not just chemical/ natural
also gaming & gambling addiction (VS activation)
internet & social media addiction

38
Q

withdrawal & bingeing

A

withdrawal: if don’t get drug symptoms –> withdrawal and craving
bingeing: tolerance increases as you continue to use the drug, leading to having to take more to elicit the same feeling

39
Q

STUDY: GDNF gene therapy for alcohol use disorder

A

(had cats addicted to alcohol when they introduced the gene)
able to experience abstinence for 12 months because of greater DA functioning
(to rehabilitate DA functioning)

40
Q

What is obesity?

A

a form of addiction
similar striatum activation to cocaine users (maybe consumption of high calorie foods can act on DA pathway and change amount released)

41
Q

STUDY: high fat biases hypothalamic and mesolimbic

A

(if feed high-calorie and fat diet to mice, they can’t eat/ crave standard food)

42
Q

Preventing obesity

A
  • obesity lowers as consumption of calorie-rich food and VS activation increase
  • greater VS activity during anticipation (seeking greater calorie foods) but not recovery (lower VS activation during consumption –> overeating)
43
Q

What is the biggest predictor of developing pathology?

A

family history

44
Q

amygdala and fam history

A

may affect drug addiction and fam history
- greater percent signal change

45
Q

VS reactivity vs. amygdala reactivity

A

high VS, low amygdala: greater positive family history = blunted amygdala response to threat –> pathway to drinking through pathway of greater impulsivity and threat response

low VS, high amygdala: greater problem with alcohol use when stressed out –> mediated by anxiety and greater amygdala reaction to threat, lower VS

46
Q

amygdala and fam history?

A

maybe association between goal-fear directed behavior and alcohol addiction w fam history

47
Q

STUDY: problematic alcohol consumption among college students

A

low VS activity: lower drive, higher sensitivity to threat

high VS activity: higher drive to pursuit reward

NEURO 277 (9 decks)

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