Representations of gender

Question 1

What is a global village

Answer 1

refers to the way that the media and electronic communications now operate on a global scale.
- Shrinks barriers of space and time so the world has become like one village/ community

Question 2

What is globalisation

Answer 2

refers to growing interconnectedness of societies across the world
- the spread of the same culture, consumer goods, and economic intersts across the globe

Question 3

Explain popular culture

Answer 3

refers to the cultural products liked and enjoyed by the mass of ordinary people

Question 4

what is mass culture

Answer 4

involves cultural products produced as entertainment for sale to the mass of ordinary people

Question 5

explain low culture

Answer 5

it is used to suggest popular/ mass culture is of inferior quality compared to the high culture of the elite

Question 6

explain high culture

Answer 6

cultural aspects considered superior and typically associated with and consumed by the elites of society

Question 7

Tuchman

Answer 7

symbolic anhilitaion [underrepresents women in the media/ certain groups].

Question 8

Mulvey

Answer 8

women = sexualised - male gaze - women are objectified for men to admire

Question 9

Ferguson

Answer 9

media has created a cult of feminity - media constructs what is is to me a female e.g should focus on the family & stick to the traditional female roles

Question 10

Kilbourne

Answer 10

women are presented as standerdised objects - skinny, long legs and if you don’t you would be considered unattractive

Question 11

Bates

Answer 11

music media projects women as decoration

Question 12

McRobbie

Answer 12

media embraces form of femanism - ‘girl power’ = popular female empowerment

• women are encouraged to be assertive ,confident and suppportive of each other through magazines and the media.

Question 13

Gauntnttlett

Answer 13

media representation of women has evolved - the increased percentage of women in media e.g. sports - but women are still in less powerful roles e.g. ownership of media which is still largely male dominated

Question 14

in what way have the roles allocated to sexes across a range of media involving - advertising, TV and film been limited

Answer 14

• women allocated limited number of roles
• women less visible in the media than men
• women presented as ideals
• women are selected to appeal to men
• men are seen as aggressors, women are seen as victims.

Question 15

how does the media such as newspapers or music portray women

Answer 15

• shows women as seeking fulfillment in the home as wives, mothers consumers of as sexual objects for men to look at
• young women are often seen as sexual objects and viewed in terms of their physical attributes rather than their intellect.

Question 16

how are women represented role whise in the media

Answer 16

• represented in a range of social roles whereas men perform a range of social & occupational roles in the media
• found in domestic settings - busy housewives, contended mothers & eager consumers

Question 17

What does Tuchman argue?

Answer 17

women are rarely shown in high-status jobs such as doctors and lawyers.
-if they are they are shown to have problems e.g. portrayed as unattractive/ unstable or having problems with their relationships
- if they have children they are shown as irresponsible

Question 18

why are female groups marginalized by the media?

Answer 18

most papers have women’s pages which focus on women as a specialized group with special, emotional needs.

Question 19

What does Duncan & Messer argue?

Answer 19

Agree with the views of the Newbold
- argues that different types of ‘discourse’ is used when talking about women in sport.
- men are described as gusty and aggressive
- women are referred to ad vulnerable and fatigued. women athletes are viewed through the male gaze.

Question 20

What did Ferguson find in her content analysis of womens magazines.

Answer 20

• concluded that most of her agazines where like ‘apprentice manuals’ = to teach women domestic skills.
• noted that such magazines are organized around ‘a cult of femininity = which promotes an ideal
• modern female magazines are moving away from these stereotypes.

Question 21

what does it mean by cult of feminity?

Answer 21

• Ferguson
• women are encouraged to judge themselves in terms of being good wives, mothers and how they look for men.

Question 22

what did McRobbie argue?

Answer 22

• studied female magazines
• she went through magazines like ‘Jackie’ which encouraged girls to romance marriage as a primary goal

-and to value themselves in terms of how they are valued by boys.

Question 23

Marxist feminist

Answer 23

• women are portrayed as the sexual aggressors rather than sexual objects.

Question 24

Ballister 1991

Answer 24

• on one hand women are encouraged to behave radically in terms of sexuality and careers but are encouraged to conform to traditional feminine ideals concerning appearance.
• women therefore suffer contradictory messages.
• they are encouraged to have careers & independance bt society wany them to see marriage & children as their ultimate goal.

Question 25

sex appeal

Answer 25

women are presente as sexual objects to be enjoyed by men

Mulvey argues that film-makers employ the male gaze where by the camera lens essentially ‘eyes up’ the female characters providing erotic pleasure form men.

Question 26

What did Guy Cumberbatch find in his study?

Answer 26

• found that youth and beauty where the main features of women in commercials and that women occupy a decorative role.
• also found that men where more that twice likley to be shown in paid employment , whereas women where more than twice as likley to be shown in doing things like washing and cleaning.

Question 27

what does Hakim mean by erotic capital?

Answer 27

42

Question 28

what is the feminist critique?

Answer 28

Venker - men are the but of the jokes - commercials & TV shows

men are constantly being emasculated

the feminist movement affects women =, men and children in a negative way.