Exam 3: Avicides & Rodenticides

Question 1

MOA: 3-Chloro-P-Toluidine Hydrochloride

Answer 1

Kidney damage - renal failure
Metabolized to reactive form
Targets = blackbirds

Question 2

Clinical Signs: 3-Chloro-P-Toluidine Hydrochloride

Answer 2

Birds: decreased activity, increased RR, mild dyspnea
Mammals: methemoglobinemia, CNS depression, flaccid paralysis, hypothermia

Question 3

Mechanism of Exposure: 4-Aminopyridine

Answer 3

Ingestion of 4-AP containing corn or other grain used as bait
Ingestion of contaminated water

Question 4

MOA: 4-Aminopyridine

Answer 4

Potassium channel blocker

Question 5

Clinical Signs: 4-Aminopyridine

Answer 5

Salivation, hyperexcitability, tremors, incoordination, tonic-clonic seizures, cardiac arrythmias

Question 6

Treatment: 4-Aminopyridine

Answer 6

Pancuronium bromide
Xylazine
Propranolol
Intubation

Question 7

MOA: Anticoagulant Rodenticides

Answer 7

Inhibition of Vitamin K reduction

Question 8

What is the major determining factor of Anticoagulant Rodenticides duration of toxicosis?

Answer 8

Half-life

Question 9

Asymptomatic Treatment: Anticoagulant Rodenticides

Answer 9

Emetic, adsorbent, cathartic (if ingestion w/in a few hours)
Monitor PT or PIVKA
Vitamin K1 therapy

Question 10

Symptomatic Treatment: Anticoagulant Rodenticides

Answer 10

Stabilize
Blood Transfusion
Serial coag and CBC performed
High dose Vitamin K
Rest

Question 11

Which of the rodenticide agents may cause secondary poisonings via the eating of rodents that are killed?

Answer 11

Strychnine

Question 12

MOA: Bromethalin

Answer 12

Uncouples ox phos

Question 13

High Dose Bromethalin Clinical Signs

Answer 13

Severe mm tremor, hyperthermia, excitability, hyperesthesia, focal motor or generalized seizures

Question 14

Low Dose Bromethalin Clinical Signs

Answer 14

Hindlimb ataxia/paresis to paralysis
Loss of deep pain response, patellar hyperreflexia, UMN bladder paralysis
Mild to severe CNS depression to coma
Focal motor or generalized seizures

Question 15

MOA: Cholecalciferol

Answer 15

Buildup of Vit D3 causes increases in plasma calcium and phosphorus leading to soft tissue mineralization

Question 16

Treatment: Cholecalciferol

Answer 16

GI decontamination
Monitor Ca, P, BUN, Cr
Diuresis with 0.9% saline
Furosemide = decrease Ca reabsorption
Pred = decreases Ca reabsorption, increases renal excretion
Phosphate binders, low Ca and P diets
Bisphosphonate pamidronate = inhibit bone resorption
Calcitonin = blocks osteoclastic activity

Question 17

MOA: Fluoroacetate

Answer 17

Converted to fluorocitrate = inhibition of TCA cycle
Ca depletion

Question 18

Exposure Scenario: Sodium Fluoroacetate

Answer 18

Livestock protection collars

Question 19

MOA: Strychnine

Answer 19

Blocks inhibitory action of glycine = excessive neuronal activity

Question 20

Exposure Scenarios: Strychnine

Answer 20

Grain bait
Dogs most frequent (malicious or accidental)

Question 21

Are there specific toxicities or attributes associated with strychnine poisoning?

Answer 21

Opisthotonus
Severe hyperextension and spasticity in which an animal’s head, neck, and spinal column enter into a complete “bridging” or “arching” position

Question 22

Why is there a difference in the potential toxicity of zinc phosphide in animals that can or cannot vomit?

Answer 22

Early decontamination improves prognosis
Activated charcoal in animals that cannot vomit
Some formulations of zinc phosphide contain an emetic so nontarget species frequently vomit recently ingested product thus preventing poisoning

Question 23

MOA: Zinc Phosphide

Answer 23

Formation of phosphine gas - blocks cytochrome oxidase and ox phos
Increases ROS