Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 15-16 Part II > Flashcards

Lesson 15-16 Part II Flashcards

1
Q

cerebrum

develops from what?

A

develops from the telencephalon and is the largest, most conspicuous part of the human brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

gross anatomy: cerebrum

A
  • two cerebral hemispheres
  • longitudinal cerebral fissure
  • gyri and sulci
  • corpus callosum
  • each hemisphere has five distinct lobes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

three functional principles of the cerebrum

A
  1. each hemisphere receives sensory info from, and sends motor commands to, the OPPOSITE side of the body
  2. the two hemispheres have different functions, although structures are alike
  3. correspondence between a specific function and specific region of the cerebral cortex is not precise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

frontal lobe

A

rostral to the central sulcus
- responsible for voluntary motor functions, motivation, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment, and aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

integrates information from sensory association areas, allowing us to perform abstract intellectual activities, like predicting consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Damage to this area affects temporal relationships between events

A

prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

parietal lobe

A

between the central sulcus and parieto-occipital sulcus
- integrates general senses, tase, and some visual information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

occipital lobe

A

caudal to the parieto-occipital sulcus
- primary visual center of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

temporal lobe

A

lateral and horizontal; below the lateral sulcus
- functions in hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

insula

A

deep to the lateral sulcus
- helps in understanding spoken language, taste, integrating information from visceral receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

three types of tracts

A

projection tracts, commissural tracts, and association tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

projection tracts

A

extend vertically between cerebrum and lower brain and spinal cord centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

commissural tracts

A

cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other allowing communication between two sides of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

disconnection syndrom

A

each hemisphere is unaware of the other, generally caused by a cutting of the corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

association tracts

A

connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere
- long association fibers connect different lobes
- short association fibers connect gyri within a lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • layers of gray matter covering the surface of hemispheres
  • 90% is neocortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

neocortex

A

six-layered tissue that has relatively recent evolutionary origin (the cerebral cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

limbic system

A

important center of emotion and learning
- contains regions of the cerebrum and diencephalon
- link conscious functions with autonomic ones
- establishes emotional states
- facilitates memory storage and retrieval
- has structures for reward and aversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

A

site where sensory input is first received and becomes conscious of the stimulus
- association areas near primary sensory areas process and interpret that sensory info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

somatotopy

A

point-to-point correspondence between an area of the body and an area of the CNS; reflected in the sensory homunculus is the postcentral gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

primary visual cortex

A

posterior region of the occipital lobe; receives visual signals from the eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

superior region of the temporal lobe; receives auditory signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

auditory association area

A

inferior to the primary auditory cortex; recognizes spoken words, music, and voices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

primary gustatory cortex

A

inferior end of the postcentral gyrus

25
Q

primary olfactory cortex

A

medial cortex of the temporal lobe

26
Q

sensor homunculus

A

diagram of sensory inputs to the primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe

27
Q

primary motor cortex (postcentral gyrus)

A

voluntary motor commands are transmitted to these neurons; send signals to the brainstem and spinal cord leading ultimately to muscle contraction

28
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

posterior speech area
- posterior to the lateral sulcus, usually in the left hemisphere; recognition of spoken and written language

29
Q

Broca’s area

A

motor language area
- inferior to the prefrontal cortex, usually in the left hemisphere; generates motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips for speaking and hands when singing

30
Q

when we intend to speak, _____ area formulates phrases and transmits plans of speech to _____ area

A

Wernicke’s, Broca’s

31
Q

_____ area transmits the program to the _____ _____ cortex for commands to the lower motor neurons that supply relevant muscles

A

Broca’s, primary motor

32
Q

aphasia

A

any language deficit from lesions in Wernicke’s or Broca’s area

33
Q

nonfluent aphasia

A

approximate words

34
Q

fluent aphasia

A

make up words

35
Q

cerebral lateralization

A

difference in structure, function, between the two cerebral hemispheres

36
Q

left hemisphere (4)

A

usually the categorical hemisphere
- specialized for spoken and written language
- sequential and analytical reasoning (math/science)
- breaks information into fragments and analyzes it

37
Q

right hemisphere (6)

A

usually the representational hemisphere
- perceives info in a more integrated way
- seat of imagination and insight
- musical and artistic skill
- perception of patterns and spatial relationships
- comparison of sights, sounds, smells, and taste

38
Q

lateralization is correlated with… (3)

A

handedness, age, and sex

39
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

recording of brain waves, rhythmic voltage changes in surface layers of the cortex

40
Q

what are EEG’s useful for?

A
  • studying normal brain functions as sleep and consciousness
  • helps in diagnosis of degenerative brain disease, metabolic abnormalities, brain tumors, and trauma
41
Q

alpha brain waves (3)

A
  • 8 to 13 Hz
  • awake and resting with eyes closed and mind wandering
  • suppressed when eyes open or performing a mental task, absent during sleep
42
Q

beta brain waves (3)

A
  • 14 to 30 Hz
  • accentuated during mental activity and sensory stimulation
  • appear when awake and concentrating on something/performing a task
43
Q

theta brain waves (3)

A
  • 4 to 7 Hz
  • found normally in children, or in intensely frustrates, drowsy, or sleeping adults
  • may indicate a brain disorder or brain tumor in adults
44
Q

delta brain waves (3)

A
  • < 3.5 Hz
  • high amplitude
  • found in adults in deep sleep, in adults with brain damage
45
Q

sensory cranial nerves

A

I, II, and VIII
- carry signals only from outlying sense organs to the brain

46
Q

motor cranial nerves

A

III, IV, VI, XI, XII
- stimulate muscle but also contain fibers of proprioception

47
Q

mixed cranial nerves

A

V, VII, IX, X
- sensory functions may be quite unrelated to their motor function
ex. facial nerve 7 has a sensory role in taste and a motor role in facial expression

48
Q

cranial nerves: olfactory (I)

A

sensory function - smell

49
Q

cranial nerves: optic (II)

A

sensory function - vision

50
Q

cranial nerves: oculomotor (III)

A

motor function - eye movement, iris

51
Q

cranial nerves: trochlear (IV)

A

motor function - eye movement

52
Q

cranial nerves: trigeminal (V)

A

sensory of the face and mouth, and motor of the mouth

53
Q

cranial nerves: abducens (VI)

A

motor function - eye movement

54
Q

cranial nerves: facial (VII)

A

sensory function of taste and motor function of facial expression

55
Q

cranial nerves: vestibulocochlear (VIII)

A

sensory function - hearing, balance, equilibrium

56
Q

cranial nerves: glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

sensory function of taste and motor function of the head and neck

57
Q

cranial nerves: vagus (X)

A

sensory of the viscera and motor of the digestive and respiratory tracts

58
Q

cranial nerves: accessory (XI)

A

motor functions of the neck and upper back

59
Q

cranial nerves: hypoglossal (XII)

A

motor function of the tongue

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions