Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 22 > Flashcards

Lesson 22 Flashcards

1
Q

what does ATP supply depend on?

A

availability of oxygen and organic energy sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

anaerobic fermentation

A

enables cells to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen; yields little ATP and lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

aerobic respiration

A

uses the mitochondria to produce far more ATP than fermentation; does not generate lactate; requires a continual supply of oxygen for the mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the primary energy source for short term maximum acitivity?

A

anaerobic fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the primary energy source for long term activity?

A

aerobic metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

oxygen is briefly supplied by _____ inside muscle cells during short, intense exercise

A

myoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

muscle meets most ATP demand by doing what?

A

borrowing phosphate groups from other molecules and transferring them to ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

creatine kinase

A

enzyme that obtains a phosphate from a phosphate storage molecule creatine phosphate and gives it to ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

phosphagen system

A

the combination of ATP and CP which provides nearly all energy for short bursts of activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

as the phosphagen system is exhausted, muscles shift to….

A

anaerobic fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

anaerobic threshold

A

aka lactate threshold
- point at which lactate becomes detectable in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

glycogen-lactate system

A

the pathway from glycogen to lactate
- produces enough ATP from 30 to 40 seconds of maximum activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

after about 40 sec, the respiratory and cardiovascular system do what?

A

they start delivering oxygen fast enough for aerobic respiration to meet most of the muscle’s ATP demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

after 3-4 min, the rate of oxygen consumption levels off to a _____ _____ where aerobic ATP production keeps pace with deman

A

steady state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

muscle fatigue

A

progressive weakness from prolonged used of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

fatigue in high-intensity (short duration) exercise results from two things

A
  1. potassium accumulation
  2. ADP and Pi accumulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

fatigue in low-intensity (long duration) exercise results from these three things

A
  1. fuel depletion
  2. electrolyte loss
  3. central fatigue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

potassium accumulation

A

in the T tubules reduces muscle cell excitability by interfering with Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ADP and Pi accumulation

A

slows cross-bridge movements, inhibit Ca2+ release and decrease force production in myofibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

fuel depletion

A

glycogen and glucose levels decline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

electrolyte loss

A

lost through sweat, decreased muscle excitability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

central fatigue

A

ammonia released by active muscle inhibits motor neurons and cause less motor signals from the brain to the muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max)

A

the point at which the rate of oxygen consumption plateaus and does not increase further with added work

24
Q

what is the major determinant of one’s ability to maintain high-intensity exercise for more than 4-5min?

A

maximun oxygen uptake

25
Q

VO2 max is proportional to what?

A

body size

26
Q

when does VO2 max determine?

A

the max rate of ATP production by aerobic respiration

27
Q

excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

A

aka oxygen debt
- elevated rate of oxygen consumption following exercise

28
Q

what is the purpose of EPOC? (4)

A
  • aerobically replenish ATP
  • replace oxygen reserves on myoglobin
  • provide oxygen to liver that is busy disposing of lactate
  • provide oxygen to many cells that have elevated metabolic rates after exercise
29
Q

what does the liver do with lactate?

A

converts it back to glucose when O2 is present, then the glucose enters the bloodstream and is delivered to muscles

30
Q

EPOC can be _____ times basal consumption and last _____

A

six, one hour

31
Q

type I fibers

A

aka red fibers, slow oxidative (SO) fibers, slow twitch fibers
- well adapted for endurance, slow to contract, resist fatigue by oxidative ATP production

32
Q

what kind of fibers maintain posture?

A

type I fibers, red fibers

33
Q

what do type I fiber/type I cells specifically have? (4)

A
  • abundant mitochondria
  • lots of capillaries
  • many myoglobin
  • contains a form of myosin with slow ATPase, and an SR that releases calcium slowly
34
Q

type II fibers

A

aka white fibers, fast glycolytic (FG) fibers, fast-twitch fibers
- well adapted for quick responses; utilizes glycolysis and anaerobic fermentation for energy

35
Q

what do type II fibers/cell specifically have? (3)

A
  • fibers are thick and strong
  • low myoglobin
  • low blood supply gives pale color
36
Q

where are type II fibers abundant?

A

quick powerful muscles like eye and hand muscles

37
Q

how are type II fibers grouped?

A

large motor units controlled by larger, less excitable neurons allowing for powerful movement but fatigues quickly

38
Q

what do type II fibers/cells contain? (2)

A
  • a form of myosin with fast ATPase
  • large SR that releases calcium quicky
39
Q

fast oxidative (FO) fiber

A

mainly in other mammals but rare in humans except in some endurance-trained athletes

40
Q

most human muscles are composed of what kind of fiber??

A

it is a ratio of all three, FO, SO, and FG

41
Q

muscle size

A

thicker muscle forms more cross-bridges; a muscles can exert a tension of 3 or 4 kg/cm^2 of cross sectional area

42
Q

fascicle arrangement

A

pennate (feather-shaped) are stronger than parallel, and parallel are stronger than circular

43
Q

size of active motor units

A

the larger the motor unit, the stronger the contraction

44
Q

multiple motor unit summation

A

simultaneous activation of more units increases tension

45
Q

factors that affect muscular strength (7)

A
  1. muscular size
  2. fascicle arrangement
  3. size of active motor units
  4. multiple motor unit summation
  5. temporal summation
  6. length-tension relationship
  7. fatigue
46
Q

temporal summation

A

the greater the frequency of stimulation, the stronger muscle contraction

47
Q

length-tension realtionship

A

a muscle resting at optimal length is prepared to contract more forcefully than a muscle that is excessively contracted or stretched

48
Q

fatigue

A

fatigued muscles contract more weakly than rested muscles

49
Q

resistance exercise

A

contraction of a muscle against a load that resists movement (weight lifting)

50
Q

how does resistance exercise make your muscles grow?

A

cellular enlargement, not mitosis
- muscle fibers synthesize more myofilaments and myofibrils and grow thicker

51
Q

endurance exercise

A

contraction of a muscle against a lot that resists movement (jogging, swimming)

52
Q

what does endurance exercise improve?

A
  • fatigue resistance of muscles
  • increases skeletal strength, red blood cell count, and O2 carrying capacity of blood
  • enhances cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous system function
53
Q

hypertrophy

A

muscle growth from heavy training

54
Q

what does hypertrophy increase? (3)

A
  • diameter of muscle fibers
  • number of myofibrils
  • mitochondria, glycogen reserves
55
Q

what does atrophy do to your muscles? (3)

A
  • reduces size, tone, and power
56
Q

what can warming up before exercise do? (3)

A

promote blood flow , increase muscle temp to help contraction, and increase enzyme function to break down glucose

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions