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Chemical Pathology > Plasma Proteins > Flashcards

Plasma Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

All plasma proteins are synthesized in the ………… except ……………

A

Liver, immunoglobulins

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2
Q

General characteristic of plasma proteins

A

They are synthesized in the liver except immunoglobulins
Almost all plasma proteins are glycoproteins
Many plasma proteins exhibit polymorphism such as alpha antitrypsin, transferrin, haptoglobin
Each plasma protein has a characteristic half-life in the circulation
Acute phase proteins (APP)

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3
Q

What is polymorphism

A

Variation in the position of amino acid in a plasma protein

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4
Q

Give some examples of plasma proteins which exhibit polymorphism

A

Alpha antitrypsin
Haptoglobin
Transferrin

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5
Q

What is a positive acute phase protein

A

A protein whose concentration increase in inflammation. There are positive and negative acute phase proteins

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6
Q

All antibodies are …….. globulins

A

Gamma

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7
Q

In an electrophoresis pattern, how are chronic infections depicted

A

Gamma globulins are increased

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8
Q

In an electrophoresis pattern, how is multiple myeloma depicted

A

Albumin is increased
M band is displayed
Gamma globulin is increased (not as much as albumin)

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9
Q

In an electrophoresis pattern, how is primary immune deficiency depicted

A

Gamma globulin fraction is reduced

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10
Q

In an electrophoresis pattern, how is nephrotic syndrome depicted

A

All proteins except very big molecules are lost through urine and alpha 2 fraction will be very prominent

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11
Q

In an electrophoresis pattern, how is cirrhosis of the liver depicted

A

Albumin synthesis by the liver is decreased with a complementary excess synthesis by globulins by the reticuloendothelial system

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12
Q

In an electrophoresis pattern, how is chronic lymphatic leukemia depicted

A

Gamma globulin fraction is reduced

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13
Q

What is the main function of plasma proteins

A

Transport

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14
Q

What is the chief transport officer of the body

A

Albumin

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15
Q

What are some functions of plasma proteins

A

Transport
Osmotic regulation
Catalytic functions (enzymes)
Protective functions
Blood clotting (fibrinogen)
Anticoagulant activity (thrombolysis)
Buffering capacity

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16
Q

Which plasma protein migrates the least because of its weight

A

Globulins

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17
Q

What kind of protein is the globulin

A

Glycoprotein

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18
Q

What are the subclassifications of alpha globulin

A

Alpha 1 and 2 globulins

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19
Q

Give some examples of alpha 1 globulin

A

Alpha 1 antitrypsin
Orosomucoid (alpha 1 acid glycoprotein)
Alpha fetoprotein

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20
Q

What are other names of alpha 1 antitrypsin

A

Alpha 1 Antiproteinase

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21
Q

What is the major constituent of alpha 1 globulin fraction of plasma protein

A

Alpha antitrypsin

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22
Q

What kind of protease inhibitor is alpha 1 antitrypsin

A

Serine protease inhibitor

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23
Q

How many kDa is alpha 1 antitrypsin

A

52kDa

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24
Q

Alpha 1 antitrypsin combines with which proteins to inhibit them

A

Trypsin
Elastase
Other proteases

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25
Q

Ordinarily trypsin is supposed to be found in the …………. …………….is responsible for mopping it up when it gets to other parts of the body

A

GIT, Alpha 1 antitrypsin

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26
Q

Trypsin upon getting to your lungs due to lack of antitrypsin could cause ………….

A

Emphysema

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27
Q

Alpha 1 antitrypsin is made of how many amino acids

A

394 aa

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28
Q

What amino acid occupies the 358 position in alpha 1 antitrypsin

A

Methionine

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29
Q

Smoking can cause oxidation of methionine to methionine sulfoxide which inactivates alpha 1 antitrypsin
True or false

A

True

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30
Q

PiZZ is the worst polymorphism which leads to no production of alpha 1 antitrypsin
True of false

A

True

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31
Q

Which alpha globulin is the most polymorphic

A

Alpha 1 antitrypsin

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32
Q

Reduced inhibitory activity

A

Those between PiMM and PiZZ

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33
Q

Which alpha globulin is a marker of acute inflammation

A

Alpha 1 glycoprotein (Orosomucoid acid)

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34
Q

Which alpha globulin is a marker for determining the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma or teratoblastomas

A

Alpha fetoprotein

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35
Q

Which alpha globulin increases during pregnancy

A

Alpha 1 fetoprotein

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36
Q

What are some clinically important alpha 2 globulins

A

Haptoglobin
Ceruloplasmin
Alpha 2 MG

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37
Q

How many kDa has haptoglobin

A

90 kDa

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38
Q

Haptoglobin and hemopexin look alike but are not the same
True or false

A

True

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39
Q

What are some characteristics of haptoglobin

A

Binds to free Hb to form a Hp-Hb complex
Low leveled of Hp can diasgnose hemolytic anaemia
Increases in inflammation (positive APP)

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40
Q

What are some characteristics of ceruloplasmin

A

160 kDa
Glycoprotein with enzymatic properties
Low level of cerulosplasmin is associated with Wilson’s disease

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41
Q

Low level of cerulosplasmin is associated with

A

Wilson’s disease

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42
Q

What is the first treatment for Wilson’s disease

A

Penicillamine

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43
Q

What is the major component of alpha 2 globulins

A

Alpha 2 macroglobulin

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44
Q

Which globulin has its levels increased in nephrotic syndrome because of its size

A

Alpha 2 MG

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45
Q

List some examples of beta globulins

A

Transferrin
CRP
Haemopexin
Complement C1q
Beta lipoprotein (LDL)

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46
Q

Transferrin has enzymes which reduces Iron 3 to Iron 2 in order to pass through DMT
True or false

A

True

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47
Q

What is apotransferin

A

A transferin that does not carry any iron

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48
Q

When iron binds to a an Apo-Tf receptor, it becomes

A

Holo-Tf

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49
Q

How many grams of iron does the body generate a day

A

25g

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50
Q

In which condition do we see increased levels of transferrin

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

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51
Q

Decreased levels of transferrin are seen in which conditions

A

Protein energy malnutrition
Cirrhosis of the liver
Trauma
Nephrotic syndrome
Acute myocardial infarction
Malignancies
Wasting diseases

52
Q

What are the constituents of plasma

A

Water
Electrolytes
Metabolites
Nutrients
Proteins
Hormones

53
Q

Give two forms of proteins found in the plasma

A

Glycoproteins
Lipoproteins

54
Q

What is the concentration of total protein in plasma

A

60-80 g/L

55
Q

What is plasma

A

The liquid cell-free part of blood that has been treated with anticoagulants

56
Q

What is serum

A

The liquid part of the blood after coagulation therefore devoid of clotting factors such as fibrinogen

57
Q

What are the types of proteins in plasma upon electrophoresis

A

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

58
Q

What are the three main types of globulins

A

Alpha globulin
Beta globulin
Gamma globulin

59
Q

Plasma proteins can be divided into

A

Simple proteins and conjugated proteins

60
Q

Mention some plasma proteins which undergo polymorphism

A

Haptoglobin
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
Transferrin

61
Q

What are some methods used to separate and estimate patients

A

Zone electrophoresis
Immunochemical methods
Chemical methods
Ultracentrifugation

62
Q

Densitometric scanning from ……… strip converts bands to characteristic peaks of albumin, a1-globulin, a2-globulin, 13-globulin and y-globulin •

A

Cellulose acetate

63
Q

What is the M-band

A

A sharp spike noted in an electrophoretic chart in para-proteinemias due to the monoclonal origins of immunoglobulins

64
Q

In an electrophoresis pattern, how is alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency depicted

A

The alpha 1 band is thin or even missing

65
Q

What are some substances transported by plasma proteins

A

Iron
Fatty acids, bilirubin, drugs
Cortisol and corticosterone
Free Hb
Thyroxin
Copper
Retinol

66
Q

Which plasma protein transports iron

A

Transferrin

67
Q

Which plasma protein transports copper

A

Ceruloplasmin

68
Q

Which plasma protein transports fatty acids, calcium, bilirubin, drugs

A

Albumin

69
Q

Which plasma protein transports cortisol and corticosterone

A

Transcortin

70
Q

Which plasma protein transports retinol

A

Retinol binding protein

71
Q

Which plasma protein transports lipids

A

Lipoproteins

72
Q

Which plasma protein transports free Hb

A

Haptoglobin

73
Q

Which plasma protein transports thyroxin

A

Thyroxin binding protein

74
Q

What is the most important regulator of osmotic or oncotic pressure.

A

Albumin

75
Q

In osmotic regulation, what is the effect of a decrease in albumin levels

A

Loss of water into the

76
Q

Plasma proteins are colloidal and non-diffusible and exert colloidal osmotic pressure which helps maintain normal blood volume and a normal water content in the interstitial fluid and tissues
True or false

A

True

77
Q

Plasma proteins are colloidal and non-diffusible and exert colloidal osmotic pressure which helps maintain normal blood volume and a normal water content in the interstitial fluid and tissues
True or false

A

True

78
Q

Give an example of a plasma protein which has catalytic function

A

Lipases

79
Q

What are some protective functions of plasma proteins

A

Igs combine with foreign antigens and removes them
Complement system removes cellular antigens
Enzymes inhibitors removes enzymes by forming complexes with them (eg. α1 anti-trypsin neutralizes elastase, trypsin prevent hydrolytic damage of tissues in the lungs)
Some plasma proteins increase during acute phase reactions to protect the body

80
Q

Mention some plasma proteins which cause clotting

A

Factor IX
Factor XIII
Thrombin
Fibrinogen

81
Q

Give an example of a plasma protein with anticoagulant activity

A

Plasmin

82
Q

Plasma proteins are involved in maintaining the body’s acid/base balance. What does this function of a plasma protein refer to

A

Buffering capacity of the plasma protein

83
Q

What is the half life of albumin

A

About 20 days

84
Q

What is the percentage of albumin of the total plasma protein

A

60%

85
Q

About 40% of albumin is present in…………, and the other 60% is present in ……………….

A

The plasma, the extracellular space

86
Q

Which plasma protein precipitates last in salting out methods

A

Albumin

87
Q

Which plasma protein migrates fastest in electrophoresis at alkaline pH

A

Albumin

88
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure

A

It is a form of oncotic pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system because large plasma proteins cannot easily cross through the capillary walls

89
Q

What is the name of the condition in which proteins including plasma proteins are lost in the urine

A

Proteinuria

90
Q

Mention some drugs that can be transported by plasma proteins

A

Sulfonamides
Penicillin G
Dicoumarol
Phenytoin
Aspirin

91
Q

Which plasma protein has the maximum buffering capacity

A

Albumin, due to its high concentration and the presence of large number of histidine residues, which contribute maximally towards maintenance of acid base balance

92
Q

Albumin has a nutritive function. Explain

A

Albumin serves as a source of amino acids for tissue protein synthesis to a limited extent. Tissue cells can take up albumin by pinocytosis & hydrolyzed it to amino acids

93
Q

Albumin exerts ………… viscosity
(High or low)

A

Low

94
Q

How can sulfonamide-albumin binding cause kernicterus in infants

A

Sulfonamides can cause the release of unconjugated bilirubin from albumin by competitive binding

Don’t give sulfonamides to infants

95
Q

How does the case of liver disease or starvation cause edema

A

Albumin is synthesized in the liver. In the case of liver disease, there will be no albumin to exert oncotic pressure this fluid will move from the blood into the interstitial spaces to cause edema

96
Q

List two drugs which have the same affinity for albumin and thus can compete for available binding sites with consequent displacement of other drugs

A

Phenytoin
Dicoumarol interactions

97
Q

Calcium level is lowered in conditions of ………….

A

Hypoalbuminemia

98
Q

Mention three conditions which could cause hypoalbuminemia

A

Malnutrition
Nephrotic syndrome
Cirrhosis of the liver

99
Q

Albumin is therapeutically useful for the treatment of ………… and …………….

A

Burns, hemorrhage

100
Q

What is the pathophysiology of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency disease

A

Mutant α1–antitrypsin accumulates and aggregates in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes to form polymers, cause liver damage followed by accumulation of collagen resulting in fibrosis (cirrhosis) (loop-sheet polymerization)

101
Q

What is another name for alpha 1 acid glycoprotein

A

Orosomucoid

102
Q

What is the carbohydrate content in Orosomucoid

A

41%

103
Q

Concentration of orosomucoid glycoprotein ………… in inflammatory diseases, cirrhosis of liver and in malignant conditions

A

Increases. It is an APP

104
Q

Concentration of alpha 1 antitrypsin decreases in ……….., ………….. and ……………..

A

Liver diseases
Malnutrition
Nephrotic syndrome

105
Q

What is the normal concentration of AFP in the healthy adult

A

> 1ug/100ml

106
Q

What is the half life of Hp and the Hb-Hp complex

A

5 days and 90 mins respectively

107
Q

What is a major component of acute phase protein

A

CRP

108
Q

Which plasma protein reacts with C polysaccharide pneumococci

A

CRP

109
Q

Why is the estimation of CRP important

A

For the evaluation of acute phase response

110
Q

What plasma protein is a clinically important marker to predict the risk of coronary heart disease

A

CRP

111
Q

CRP rises up to ……….-fold in acute inflammation, such as infection. It rises above normal limits within 6 hours, and peaks at 48 hours.

A

50,000

112
Q

Which plasma protein is involved in the promotion of immune system through the activation of complement cascade

A

CRP

113
Q

What is the first complement factor to build antibody

A

Complement C1q (beta globulin)

114
Q

What are the normal levels of haemopexin in adults

A

0.5 - 1.0gm/L

115
Q

In which diseases do we find low levels of haemopexin

A

Haemolytic disorders at birth and drug induced

116
Q

In which conditions do we find high levels of haemopexin

A

Pregnancy
Diabetes mellitus
Malignancies
Duchenne muscular dystrophy

117
Q

What is the norms level of complement C1q

A

0.15gm/L

118
Q

Which of the beta globulins can bind heparin

A

Complement C1q

119
Q

Decreased levels of complement C1q is used as an indicator of ……….. complex
High levels of complement C1q are found in ………….

A

Circulating Ag –Ab, Chronic infections

120
Q

Ceruloplasmin carries about 90% of plasma copper tightly so that copper is not readily exchangeable. What other plasma protein carries the rest of the 10% of the copper

A

Albumin

121
Q

Which plasma protein is the major supplier of copper to tissue

A

Albumin

122
Q

Which plasma protein is a pan-proteinase inhibitor and can combine and inhibit many protease

A

Alpha 2 MG

123
Q

Which plasma protein can bind cytokines such as PDGF and TGFβ and target them to particular cells to affect on cell growth or function

A

Alpha 2 MAG

124
Q

How many kDa is alpha 2 MG

A

720kDa

125
Q

In which syndrome is alpha 2 MG levels increased

A

Nephrotic syndrome

126
Q

Describe the nephrotic syndrome condition

A

A condition wherein the kidneys start to leak out some of the smaller blood proteins. Because of its size, α2 -MG is retained in the bloodstream. bloodstream. This increase has little adverse effect on the health, but is used as a diagnostic clue

127
Q

What is the MOA of penicillamine

A

It binds copper (chelation) and leads to excretion of copper in the urine

Chemical Pathology (16 decks)

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