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Clinical Pathology > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

What is cytology ?

A

The study of cells shed from the body

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2
Q

What is a hallmark cytological characteristic of neoplastic specimens ?

A

Homogenous population of cells

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3
Q

What are fluids with increased cellularity and preprint concentration called ?

A

Exudate

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4
Q

What are reactive Lymph nodes ?

A

Lymph nodes responding to antigenic population

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5
Q

What category of sample collection is presented by a tzanck preparation

A

Imprint

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6
Q

The fine needle aspiration of soft masses is best performed with the use of what size needle and syringe

A

21-25 G needle and a 10ml syringe

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7
Q

Pracentesis refers to the collection of fluid from

A

The abdomen

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8
Q

What is most often used to moisten swabs in order to minimize cell damage when collecting swab samples?

A

Saline

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9
Q

What is the most commonly used fixative for tissue samples collected for histopathologic examination

A

Formalin

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10
Q

Cytsocentesis refers to the collection of fluid from

A

The bladder

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11
Q

When is a swab collection technique used and what is it typically used for

A

When other techniques cannot be used
Typically used for vaginal swabs and fistulous tracts

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12
Q

When is the scraping collection technique used and what is it typically used for

A

Used in the Collection of external lesions and tissues from sx or necropsy

Used for only superficial samples

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13
Q

What are the benefits of the scraping technique

A

Collects many cells

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14
Q

When is the imprint collection technique used and what is it used for

A

External lesions only

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15
Q

What are disadvantages of imprints

A

Contain more contamination and collect fewer cells than scraping

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16
Q

What are the benefits of fine needle biopsy

A

Avoided superficial contamination

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17
Q

What are the disadvantages of fine needle biopsy

A

Fewer cells collected

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18
Q

What are the differences between a aspiration and nonaspiration when using the fine needle biopsy technique

A
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19
Q

Describe a wedge biopsy

A

Obtained with scalpel
Used for large lesion/areas
Takes all tissue (abnormal and normal)

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20
Q

Describe a punch biopsy

A

Quick and easy
Small area taken
Biopsy punch is used

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21
Q

Describe the preparation and collection of abdomenocentesis

A

Lateral recumbency or standing
Area is aseptically prepared
Needle is inserted ventral abd and R of midline
21G needle
60ml syringe
Possibly an EDTA tube for some fluid

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22
Q

Describe the preparation and collection doing an thoracocentesis

A

standing
Area is aseptically prepared
Needle is inserted in the seventh or eight intercostal space, cranial aspect of the rib
21G needle
60ml syringe
Possibly an EDTA tube for some fluid

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23
Q

What is a transtracheal wash

A

Cytolic evaluation of sample obtained from the trachea

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24
Q

Describe how to prep for a percutaneous transtracheal wash

A

-light sedation
-18-20G jug catheter ( through the needle)
-hair must be clipped and aseptically prepared

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25
Q

What is the primary purpose of cytology

A

Differentiate between neoplasia and inflammation

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26
Q

What term describes a cytology sample that contains more than 85% neutrophils

A

Suppurative

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27
Q

What term describes a cytology sample that contains more than 15% macrophages

A

Granulomatous

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28
Q

What term refers to a nucleus that appears small condensed and dark ?

A

Pyknosis

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29
Q

The presence of more than 10% of eosinophils in addition to increased numbers of neutrophils indicates ______________which can normally be found with ____________

A

Eosinophilic inflammation, parasitic infections or neoplastic disorders

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30
Q

What term refers to rapid cell death

A

Karyolysis

31
Q

What term refers to a fragmented nucleus

A

Karyorrhexis

32
Q

Inflammatory cells that contain phagocytized microorganisms are referred to as

A

Septic

33
Q

Samples from neoplastic lesions are characterized by

A

A homogenous population of cells of the same tissue origin

34
Q

Cells that display atleast ____ abnormal nuclear configurations are identified as malignant

A

3

35
Q

List the nuclear criteria for malignancy

A
  • anisokaryosis
  • pleomorphism
    -high or variable nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
  • increased mitotic activity
    -coarse chromatin pattern
    -nuclear molding
    -multi-nucleation
    -nuclei that vary in size, shape, and and number
36
Q

What is nuclear Molding

A

A deformation of nuclei by other nuclei within the same cells or adjacent cells

37
Q

What is pleomorphism

A

Variability in the size and shape of the same cell type

38
Q

What is anisokaryosis

A

Any unusual variation in the overall size of the cell nucleus

39
Q

Outline the general procedure for the evaluation of cytology samples

A

-evaluated in a systematic manner
- any morphological abnormalities are noted and quantified
-note the cells types present
-initial evaluation should be at low Magnification (100x) then (400x-450x) to evaluate and compare individual cells
-oil immersion must be used

40
Q

A cytology report should have what criteria

A

Cell types
Their appearance
And their relative proportions

41
Q

Epithelial cell tumors are also referred to as

A

Carcinoma, or adenocarcinoma

42
Q

What are some characteristics of epithelial cell tumors

A

Large cell size
Round to caudate in shape
High cellularity
Clumps an clusters are common

43
Q

Mesenchymal cell tumors are also referred to as

A

Sarcoma

44
Q

What are some characteristics of mesenchymal cell tumors

A

Small to medium in size
Spindle to Stellate in shape
Low cellularity
Clusters and clumps are not common

45
Q

What are some characteristics of a discrete round cell tumor

A

Small to medium in size
Round in shape
High cellularity
Clumps and clusters are not common

46
Q

What term describes round cells that are usually slightly larger than lymphoblasts and that have distinctive purple staining granules

A

Mast cells

47
Q

Which cell has prominent dark black granules

A

Melanoma

48
Q

What term describes fluid that appears milky and results from the presence of emulsified fats

A

Chylous

49
Q

Peritoneal and pleural fluids are characterized as normal if they have fewer than how many nucleated cells

A

10,000 uL

50
Q

Which cells that line body cavities may become reactive and be shed when abnormal fluids accumulate in cavities

A

Mesothelial cells

51
Q

Which term describes a type a fluid with low cellularity, low tp, and a mixture of monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes

A

Transudate

52
Q

Which term describes a plasma cell that contains secretory vesicles of immunoglobulin

A

Mott cell

53
Q

Which cell type is predominant during anestrus

A

Noncornified squamous epithelial cells

54
Q

Which cell type is predominant during estrus.

A

Cornified squamous epithelial cells

55
Q

What is a potential cause of chronic skin lesions and ear infections that may be seen in swabs taken from normal animals

A

Malassezia

56
Q

Which cell type predominates in normal lymph nodes

A

Small, mature lymphocytes

57
Q

What is erythrophagia

A

Phagocytes ingesting RBCs

58
Q

Fluids characterized with increased cellularity and protein concentration as a result to inflammation are called

A

Exudates

59
Q

Fluids that typically have low protein concentrations and low TNCC with a fairly normal differential count or may be increased

A

Transudates

60
Q

Transudates are frequently secondary to

A

CHF or low albumin concentrations

61
Q

Fluids that are characterized with low to moderate TNCC, predominantly as a result of leakage of lymphatics (high tp concentration)

A

Modified Transudates

62
Q

Lymph nodes that are responding to antigenic stimulation also contain predominantly small immature lymphocytes are referred to as

A

Reactive lymph nodes

63
Q

Normal CSF contains

A

No erythrocytes and less than 25 nucleated cells per microliter

64
Q

In a normal lymph node the predominate cell
Type is

A

Small mature lymphocytes

65
Q

What is the color of normal synovial fluid

A

Straw yellow

66
Q

Why is a vaginal cytology performed

A

To determine the stage of estrus cycle

67
Q

All laboratory equipment used for semen collection and examination should be cleaned and warmed to approximately

A

37 degrees Celsius or 98.6F

68
Q

Describe benign neoplasia

A

Hyperplasia with no criteria of malignancy present in the nucleus of the cells

69
Q

A vaginal exam reveals basal and parabasal cells along with RBCs. What stage of the estrous cycle is she in

A

Proestrus

70
Q

What type of inflammation?

Neutrophils and >10% macrophages

A

Pyogranulomatous

71
Q

What type of inflammation?

> 85% neutrophils

A

Suppurative

72
Q

Describe an epithelial tumor

A

Large round cells with high cellularity and clumped together

73
Q

Describe a mesenchymal tumor

A

Small to medium cells with low cellularity and no clumps

74
Q

Describe a discrete round tumor

A

Small ti medium round cells with high cellularity and no clumps

Clinical Pathology (9 decks)

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