Ch. 12 Applications of SCT

Question 1

Schema

Answer 1

knowledge structures or mental categories that guide and organize the way we recognize and store experiences

Question 2

Self enhancement

Answer 2

People are biased to maintain a positive view of themselves

Question 3

Self-schema

Answer 3

Contains knowledge of one’s own personal qualities

Question 4

Working self-concept

Answer 4

subset of self-concept that is in working memory all the time;schemas relevant to a specific situation get stored in the working memory and form this working self-concept

Question 5

Self-verification

Answer 5

People will seek to verify negative qualities f they have negative self-schema/vice versa to maintain consistency

Question 6

Goal setting/ Learning goals/ performance goals; Dweck

Answer 6

Goals are quantitative but vary qualitatively
Learning goals: strive to learn something
Performance goals: aim of putting on a good performance for those watching/evaluating you

Question 7

Entity/Incremental theory of intelligence, Dweck

Answer 7

Entity: intelligence is a fixed thing
Incremental: people believe intelligence is built over time

Question 8

Implicit theories of intelligence, Dweck

Answer 8

Implicit theory of intelligence is people’s beliefs in regarding to the nature of their intelligence consisting of two parts: the entity mindset and the incremental mindset

Question 9

KAPA Model, Cervone

Answer 9

Distinguishes between knowledge and appraisal variables
Knowledge is enduring/social cognitive structure, how one regards oneself and the world
Appraisals: shift rapidly over time, ongoing evaluations of the relation between oneself and environment
Intentionality: mental events are about something

Question 10

Main goal of KAPA theory

Answer 10

identify knowledge structures that are most significant to an individual and the appraisals the person engages in when thinking about the challenges in their life

Question 11

CAPS Approach, Mischel

Answer 11

first obtains stress/vulnerability signature: client is asked to make daily entries of stressful situations in their life
Highly Repeated within persons approach: emphasis on situation specific individual psychological state
Cognitive Affective Stress management: targets the maladaptive cognitions through cognitive restructuring/relaxarion

Question 12

Problem vs. emotion focused coping

Answer 12

Problem: attempts to cope by altering features of a stressful situation
Emotion: individual strives to improve internal emotional state

Question 13

Stress Inoculation training

Answer 13

client is taught cognitive nature of stress, learns coping mechanisms to inoculate against stress

Question 14

Dysfunctional expectancies/self evaluation

Answer 14

Expectancies: people who expect negative things tend to bring negative things about inherently
Evaluation: perfectionist standard of oneself

Question 15

Rational Emotive Therapy, Ellis

Answer 15

A= activating event may lead to consequence
B: belief about the event/perception
C- consequences
Beliefs that cause psychological distress are irrational

Question 16

Guided Mastery Therapy,Bandura

Answer 16

individual views a model performing beneficial behaviors and are assisted in performing the behaviors themselves

Question 17

Cognitive Triad of Depression, Beck

Answer 17

Depressed person systematically misevaluates ongoing /past experiences, has poor self view, believes that the future is bleak

Question 18

“Ought Self” Higgins

Answer 18

standards people feel that they ought to achieve

Question 19

Clinical applications of SCT

Answer 19

cognitions are critical in determining feelings/behaviours
psychopathology is derived from maladaptive cognitions of self/others
CBT involves effort between client and therapist to determine which cognitions are problematic and replace them
UNCONCIOUS IS NOT IMPORTANT

Question 20

Markus, self-schemas

Answer 20

developed, elaborate structures that contain knowledge of one’s own personal qualities

Question 21

Markus, reaction-time measures

Answer 21

researchers record how fast and how participants respond; self schemas should lower reaction time

Question 22

Working self-concept Markus

Answer 22

subset of self-concept that is in working memory at any given time; people have multiple self-schemas

Question 23

Ideal standards and Ought standards, Higgins

Answer 23

ideal standards people would ideally like to reach
Ought: feel they must achieve

Question 24

Self-discrepencies, Higgins

Answer 24

discrepancies with different (ideal vs. ought) standards trigger different emotions; may trigger anxiety when there is a disagreement between the two,

Question 25

General Principles Approach To personality, Higgins

Answer 25

Explains both consistency and variability in personality functioning, different situations activate different aspects of knowledge and therefore lead to behavioural variability

Question 26

Bandura, modeling

Answer 26

client observes someone displaying a skill the client is hoping to acquire

Question 27

Strengths of SCT

Answer 27

impressive research record, considers important phenomena, shows consistent and ongoing development

Question 28

Limitations of SCT

Answer 28

not systematic or unified, requires more research to support, a lot of it is tentative and not conclusive

Question 29

Main assessment goal of KAPA

Answer 29

identify knowledge structures that are most significant to an individual; identify appraisals person engages in when thinking about life challenges

Question 30

Cognitive therapy for depression

Answer 30

designed to identify and correct distorted beliefs

Question 31

How are knowledge and appraisals systematically related?

Answer 31

Knowledge influences appraisals (especially in ambiguous situations) and appraisals lead to additional knowledge

Question 32

How does the KAPA approach combine idiographic and nomothetic aspects?

Answer 32

bc patterns cross-situational consistency in personality varies idiosyncratically (varies from person to person)

Question 33

Psychopathology of SCT:

Answer 33

result of distorted/maladaptive learning
Maladaptive schemas, dysfunctional expectancies and dysfunctional evaluations
Self-inefficacy is an important factor in anxiety
Discrepancy between actual performance and standards of evaluation can lead to higher motivation, but only for people who have self efficacy in the first place

Question 34

Goals of rational emotive therapy?

Answer 34

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) that aims to help a person challenge unhelpful thoughts to avoid negative emotions or behaviors. REBT started in 1955 when Dr. Albert Ellis created the therapy as an action-oriented type of CBT.

Question 35

How is self-concept dynamic, Markus?

Answer 35

Dynamic: environment is constantly changing/different schemas are called into consciousness and guide our behaviour (we also think differently of ourselves in different social contexts)

Question 36

Higgins, people who evaluate their actions through ideal standards?

Answer 36

tend to have “promotion motivation”: motivated toward promoitng well-being and positive outcomes

Question 37

People who evaluate their actions through OUGHT standards

Answer 37

tend to be motivated by “prevention”: WISH TO PREVENT NEGATIVE OUTCOMES, or at least gain the relative absence of bad things happening