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CIVE40010 - Energy and environmental engineering > Fundamentals Of Microbiology - Cells, Metabolism, and Growth > Flashcards

Fundamentals Of Microbiology - Cells, Metabolism, and Growth Flashcards

1
Q

What characteristics distinguish living organisms?

A
  1. Responsiveness
  2. Growth
  3. Reproduction
  4. Metabolism
  5. Movement
  6. Excretion
  7. Cell
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2
Q

What are Prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria + Archaea

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3
Q

What distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

A
  • No nuclear membrane
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • No cell nucleus
  • Ribosomes - protein synthesis, not really an organelle
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4
Q

How small are prokaryotes?

A

Smaller (0.5 - 5 micrometers)

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5
Q

What distinguishes a eukaryote cell from a prokaryote?

A
  • Nucleolus
  • Vesicle
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Centrioles
  • Algae and plants contain organelles (chloroplasts) for photosynthesis with coloured pigments to trap sunlight energy
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6
Q

What do cells need for growth?

A
  • Energy
  • Electrons
  • Matter - carbon, substrates, minerals
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7
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Catabolism = cellular energy production → energy release
- creates simple molecules

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8
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Anabolism = assimilation, growth, and repair → energy consumption
- new cellular materials are made larger

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9
Q

What allows metabolism to take place?

A

Metabolism = catabolism + anabolism + enzyme catalysts

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10
Q

What are some characteristics of catabolism?

A
  • Produce simple waste
  • Energy temporarily conserved as ATP
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11
Q

What are some characteristics of anabolism?

A

Anabolism is characterized by energy consumption, the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, and its role in growth and repair of body tissues.

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12
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Cells that use inorganic carbon - CO2 - autotrophic

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13
Q

What are chemoautotrophs?

A

An organism, typically a bacterium, which derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds

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14
Q

What are Photoautotrophs?

A

Organisms that carry out photosynthesis. Use light as an energy source

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15
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Consume organic matter and break it up

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16
Q

What are chemoheterotrophs?

A

Microbes that get their energy from organic chemicals and mainly use organic compounds for carbon (fungi+animals)

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17
Q

What are photoheterotrophs?

A

Group of microorganisms acquires energy from sunlight - purple nonsulfur bacteria

18
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

19
Q

What is the first thing that happens to glucose molecule in catabolism and energy production?

A

Glycolysis - no oxygen need

20
Q

What comes after glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

21
Q

What happens in the presence of oxygen in the process of catabolism and energy production?

A
  • Taken into mitochondria
  • Where it goes through the Kreb cycle and more ATP created
22
Q

What creates more ATP?

A

The electron transport chain

23
Q

What happens in anaerobic conditions in catabolism and energy production?

A

Fermentation which causes lactate

24
Q

What happens in the Kreb cycle?

A

A series of reactions releasing ATP from citric acid breakdown

25
Q

What happens in the electron transport chain?

A

Couples a series of chemical reactions between an electron donor (e.g., NADH) and an electron acceptor (e.g., O2); H+ ions and electrons are used to produce ATP

26
Q

What must cells do when oxygen absent?

A

Must use an alternative terminal electron acceptor to complete the catabolic process

27
Q

How can H+ ions travel from high con to low con?

A

ATP Synthase

28
Q

What causes new growth in cells

A

Substrate and enzyme production

29
Q

What is the specific growth constant?

A

mu

30
Q

When does growth rate decline to zero?

A

As substrate exhausted

31
Q

How does cell division happen in prokaryotes?

A
  • Prokaryotes - binary fission → no spindle apparatus for dividing chromosomes
  • Divide every 20 - 30 min
  • Similar to asexual mitosis
32
Q

What cell division happens in eukaryotes?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

33
Q

How can pH affect growth?

A

Effects enzyme activity and protein
structure

34
Q

What are the different types of organism which can survive different pHs?

A

Acidophiles, Alkaliphiles, Neutrophiles

35
Q

What are the different types of organisms which can tolerate different temps?

A
  • Thermophile tolerate highest temperatures (40-80 degrees)
  • Mesophile
  • Psychrophile
36
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A
  • Do not require free O2 for growth, but grow better in its presence
  • Have genes for both respiration + fermentation
37
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Can only grow in the presence of O2

38
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A
  • Cannot tolerate the presence of O2 and die when exposed to it
  • Only use alternative electron acceptors
39
Q

How does water affect growth?

A
  • Cells sensitive to changes in osmotic potential
  • Cell walls maintain cell integrity
  • Salinity or drying prevent microbial growth
40
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Water molecules move from region of high kinetic energy to lower kinetic energy, randomly passing through the semi-permeable membrane; solute molecules are too large to pass through the semi permeable membrane

CIVE40010 - Energy and environmental engineering (21 decks)

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