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Pathophysiology MEDI212 > Cardiovascular pathophysiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

CVD is one of Australia’s largest health problems
– It accounts for 25% of all deaths
– Kills ???% more males than females

A

40%

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2
Q

CVD kills 118 people every day
– Every ??? minutes someone dies from CVD

A

12

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3
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Someone is hospitalised for CVD every minute
– 1619 people per day, every day of the year

A

TRUE

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4
Q

what disease in Australia is the largest costs of any disease?

A

CVD = heart, stroke, and vascular diseases

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5
Q

???% of Australians are at risk of CVD

A

75%

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6
Q

– CHD is disease of the coronary arteries i.e. ??? and also known as ischaemic heart disease, or heart
disease

A

atherosclerosis

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7
Q

TRUE or FALSE: CHD is the most common form of CVD

A

TRUE

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8
Q

what are the 2 clinical forms of CHD?

A

angina & heart attack

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9
Q

Atherosclerosis - changes in ??? layer of arteries consisting of the focal accumulation of lipids, other
blood constituents and fibrous tissue, accompanied by changes in the media of the vessel wall

A

intima layer

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10
Q

atherosclerosis is the result of the interaction between:
- Components of the blood (atherogenic lipoproteins)
– ??? forces (high blood pressure)

A

Haemodynamic

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11
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Atherosclerosis progresses throughout life. Plasma lipid levels increase as we get older

A

TRUE

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12
Q

Males have higher TG and lower HDL-C than females as Oestrogen increases the LDL receptor activity
an the synthesis of Apo A-I. Therefore, oestrogens lowers or raises (?) LDL-C and raise HDL-C

A

lowers

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13
Q

Which lipoproteins increase our risk for CHD?

A

IDL, LDL, sdLDL and chylomicron remnants

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14
Q

Systolic blood pressure – rhythmic ejection of blood into the aorta or vena cava (?) from the heart

A

aorta

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15
Q

Systolic or diastolic (?)blood pressure Indicates how much pressure your blood is exerting against your artery walls when the heart beats?

A

systolic

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16
Q

Diastolic blood pressure – the minimum level of blood pressure measured between ??? of the heart

A

contractions

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17
Q

Systolic or diastolic (?) indicates how much pressure your blood is exerting against your artery walls while the heart is resting between beats and increases mainly when
resistance of the arterioles (main contributor)

A

diastolic

18
Q

Smoking impairs lipolysis of VLDL and thereby prevents the postprandial rise in ???

A

HDL-C

19
Q

The Mediterranean diet has been shown to reduce death from myocardial infarction, stroke and
other vascular diseases by ???% compared to a low fat diet

A

30%

20
Q

what is Extremely important for neurological development?

A

omega 3 PUFAs

21
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Omega-3 lowers plasma triglycerides and BP, Reduces cardiac arrhythmia and cardiac death

A

TRUE

22
Q

TRUE or FALSE: trans fatty acids from ruminant sources are not ok, just like industrial

A

FALSE they are ok to eat

23
Q

Saturated fat increases LDL-C & HDL-C (but not dietary ???)

A

cholesterol

24
Q

Uncontrolled hypertension - LVH: Produces increased demands on the heart = left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure. Increased demands on the vessels of the arterial system= ???, kidney disease and stroke

A

atherosclerosis

25
Q

big risk factors for CHD are: smoking, BP, and ???

A

age

26
Q

Two factors which have a major bearing on the occurrence of atherosclerosis are raised plasma lipids & ???

A

hypertension

27
Q

LDL- apo B & atherosclerosis (but LDL-C is normal):
- sdLDL particles penetrate arterial wall more easily than large LDL particles and become more easily ???

A

oxidized

28
Q

IDL and chylomicron remnants, if elevated in the blood stream, they can also deposit cholesterol in the arterial wall = ???

A

atherosclerosis

29
Q

most deaths from CHD occurs after
age ??? (men) and age 75 (women)

A

65

30
Q

Which plaques are more likely to rupture?
Ones that have greater number of ??? and lower tensile
strength and fewer smc in the cap

A

macrophages

31
Q

which one of the following for Oxidised LDL causes stiffening of arterial walls:
- is rapidly taken up by macrophages
- chemotactic for monocytes & inhibits macrophage motility
- cytotoxic
- alter gene expression of endothelial cells to express MCP-1
- increase expression of adhesion molecules to endothelial cells
- inhibits endothelial dependent relaxation
- exhibits increasing binding to type I collagen

A
  • inhibits endothelial dependent relaxation
  • exhibits increasing binding to type I collagen
32
Q

for regression of atherosclerosis, need to lower or increase plasma cholesterol?

A

lower

33
Q

are the following cholesterl or TG lowering?
- Bile acid sequestrants (cholestyramine, colestipol)
- HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)
- Ezetimibe
- Nicotinic acid (Niacin)

A

Cholesterol lowering:

34
Q

Are the following cholesterol or triglyceride lowering?
- Fibric acid derivatives (e.g. gemfibrozil)
- Nicotinic acid (Niacin)
- Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA)

A

TG lowering

35
Q

Bile acid sequestrants: Non adsorbable anion exchange binding resin that forms insoluble complex with ??? and interrupts enterohepatic recirculation of bile
acids

A

bile acids

36
Q

statins: Competitively inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, lower cholesterol synthesis, lower or increase (?) hepatic LDL receptor synthesis to promote clearance of LDL and IDL

A

increase

37
Q

Ezetimibe is used when ??? are not so effective, & used in addition to them. works by inhibiting cholesterol
absorption in the GI tract
= Less cholesterol to liver
= Liver upregulates LDL receptor
= Reduce circulating LDL-C

A

statins

38
Q

Nicotinic acid: Inhibits fatty acid mobilisation from adipose tissue and inhibits VLDL synthesis = inhibits ??? synthesis

A

LDL

39
Q

the common side effects of which drug only effects the GI tract?

A

Bile acid sequestrants

40
Q

which drug causes side effects (rare) that include muscle weakness, Loss of sensation or tingling in nerve endings (peripheral neuropathy) and Tendon problems?

A

statins

Pathophysiology MEDI212 (14 decks)

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