Lecture 7 Flashcards
What were the key points in Gustave Le Bon’s 1895 book Psychologie des Foules?
- in crowds, ppl abandon individuality and rationality and assume a collective mind that allows them to do things they would never do alone
- anonymity frees individual from personal responsibilities
- Contagion: through suggestibility and imitation, violent behaviour spreads through the crowd
Gustave Le Bon:
The process of _____ is when through ___ and ___, violent behaviour spreads through the crowd
CONTAGION; SUGGESTIBILITY & IMITATION
How can we connect Freud’s Id/Ego/Superego to Le Bon’s crowd psychology?
- in a crowd, the Id is let loose! (no more control by ego or superego)
How is Edward Bernays related to Freud?
- he is Freud’s double nephew
- son of Freud’s sister + Freud’s wife’s brother
Who is Adam Curtis?
- creator of documentary The Century of the Self (2002)
- doc about Edward Bernays and origins of marketing
Edward Bernays (1891-1995) was considered the father of ____ and _____
public relations and marketing
How did Edward Bernays come up with the idea to encourage consummerism?
- in WW1, his job was to influence public opinion in favor of the war
- realized the same strategies could be used in peacetime to control “dangerous masses” (problem in 20th century)
- comes up w consumerism as a means to safely satisfy the Id
How did Edward Bernays think we could safely satisfy the needs of the Id?
- consumerism!
- stir desires via marketing; when ppl are engages in this they won’t riot
Bernays wanted to shift America from a ____ culture to a ____ culture
needs to desires! (“man’s desires must overshadow his needs”)
How did Bernays improve Betty Crocker’s marketing for their cake mix?
- conducted focus group w housewives
- found out they weren’t buying the mix bc it was too easy and they felt guilty
- removed the eggs from the mix so ppl had to add them themselves!
- they sold way more! (still like this today)
In general, techniques used in focus groups are based on ________
Freud’s free association technique!
How can we interpret Bernays’ Betty Crocker campaign in terms of Freudian psychology?
- can see eggs as symbolism for feminine fertility!
Where is Freud on list of most eminent psychologists of 20th century?
3rd! (behind Skinner and Piaget)
The bulk of the controversy ab Freud relates to _____
the scientific standing of his theory
What did Popper say about the scientific standing of Freud’s theory?
- Freudian theory is unfalsifiable, and therefore unscientific!
- ex presence of a repressed memory is confirmed by either the patient’s capacity or incapacity to recall it
What did Ricoeur say about the scientific standing of Freud’s theory?
- psychoanalysis should be understood as an interpretation that resembles history (vs observational science)
- just bc it is not scientific doesn’t mean it’s worthless
What is Hermeneutics? Where does the word come from?
- word comes from Greek god Hermes (messenger to gods)
- art of interpretation (philosophical and interpretive approach)
Ppl who still endorse the value of Freud’s work emphasize which aspect of his theory?
- Hermeneutics!! (art of interpretation)
Who is perceived to be Freud’s heir?
Carl Jung (worked together from 1906-1913)
Why was the 1909 Psychology Conference @ Clark University historically important?
- could be considered first psych conference
- marks meeting of Freudian theory/psychoanalysis with psychology in North America
Jung’s father was a _____ and his grandfather was a _____
priest; medical doctor (had both influences!)
Jung practiced as a ______
psychiatrist (so exposed to more severe cases vs Freud)
Jung founded _____
analytic psychology (not same as Freud’s psychoanalysis)
How did Jung define introversion vs extroversion? How would he and Freud be categorized?
- Introverts: more readily acknowledge their psychological needs and problems
- Extroverts: tend to be oblivious to internal stuff bc they focus more on outer world
- according to this, Jung is a super introvert
- criticized Freud for not being introverted enough (didn’t go deep enough into his own mind)
Jung: “In each of us there is _______. He speaks to us in _____ and tells us how differently he sees us from the way we see ourselves.”
another whom we do not know
dreams!
**for Jung this “other person” is Philemon (old man)
What are Jung’s 4 layers of consciousness/reality? What is different from Freud’s theory?
External Reality | _____ | ______ | ______
External Reality | Consciousness | Personal Unconscious | Collective Unconscious
- collective unconscious is new! (point of debate btw him and Freud)
What is Jung’s “Collective Unconscious”?
- contains archetypes (inherited universal structures)
- things that are probably in our genes!
- eg how to procreate, how to distinguish male/female
According to Jung, what is the key role of the Ego?
- filtering what enters our consciousness
Where does the Ego live in Jung’s model?
consciousness
Where do archetypes live in Jung’s model?
in both personal and collective unconscious
According to Jung, the only way we can know archetypes is through _____
symbols!! (eg canadian flag symbolizes more than just Canada)
According to Jung, symbols bridge the gap between _____ and _____ by conveying meaning that “goes beyond” _____
the conscious and the unconscious
goes beyond what can be sensorily perceived or understood by reason
What is an archetype?
- “general representative model”
- inherited universal mental structures that precede consciousness
- deeply ingrained in our nervous system
- are aware of archetypes through symbols/archetypical representations
Archetypes are a bit like _____ of the mind.
- organs!
- sub-parts of mind that have different inherited functions
What is the “persona” (Jung)?
- key archetype
- persona means “to speak through” like a theatre mask
- social mask or role individual presents to outside world
- can represent occupation or any social role
- there is a difference between the real self + the persona
- Ego decides what persona to put on!!
Where does the persona live in Jung’s model?
- at junction of consciousness + external reality
What is the “shadow” (Jung)?
- key archetype
- represents darker/hidden aspects of an individual’s personality
- parts of self that we may not be fully aware of
- can include negative traits, desires, fears, impulses that aren’t consistent w person’s conscious self-image
Where does the shadow live in Jung’s model?
personal unconscious
What are the “anima” and the “animus”? (Jung)
- inner opposite gender aspects of individual’s psyche
- anima: for men, inner feminine aspect of psyche
- animus: for women, inner masculine aspect of psyche