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PSYC 403 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Dr. Roy’s preferred definition of Psychology?

A

Science of the mind (closer to etymology “psyche” compared to science of behaviour)

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2
Q

Why was a picture of the APA subject divisions shown?

A
  • shows how broad psychology is
  • we can use history to help us understand how all these field are related/come together
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3
Q

Who said “Psychology has a long past but a short history”?

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1908)

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4
Q

What does Ebbinghaus’ quote (psychology has a long past but a short history) mean?

A

Long past: humans have been thinking about the mind forever!!!

Short history: concrete psychological science only started in 1860 (Fechner published “elements of psychophysics”)

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5
Q

What two things characterize the beginnings of psychology as a discipline, according to Dr. Roy?

A

1860: Fechner publishes “Elements of Psychophysics”
1879: Wundt establishes first psychology laboratory

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6
Q

Who is Hermann Ebbinghaus?

A
  • psychological researcher
  • one of the first historians of psychology
  • came up with the “forgetting curve”
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7
Q

Explain Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve and why it is relevant to the history of psychology

A
  • had Ps memorize random words and tested retention at specific time points
  • found that we forget almost half of into after 20 mins; only remember about 25% after a day (very steep curve for first day and then stays pretty stable for a month)
  • relevant bc one of first to use methods of science!!!
  • Ebbinghaus is not on the list of 100 most eminent psychologists bc he has mostly been forgotten but Dr. Roy thinks he should be!
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8
Q

At what stage of human evolution do we have evidence that people thought about the mind?

A

Homo Neanderthalensis and Homo Sapiens

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9
Q

At which stage of human evolution did we develop tools and fire?

A

Homo Erectus

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10
Q

Why do we consider that Homo Neanderthalensis and Homo Sapiens thought about the mind?

A
  • signs of burials!
  • reveals that ppl had deep understanding of what death means
  • the body is still there but something is gone (soul?)
  • they probably also wondered about where the mind/soul goes when we sleep
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11
Q

What is the name of the famous cave painting seen in class? What conclusions can be drawn based on the painting?

A
  • called “The Dreamer” by many archaeologists
  • man’s erection is only clearly recognizable part of the image, was probably to show that the man is dreaming!!
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12
Q

What did cave paintings of bulls and other animals likely represent?

A
  • probably recalling the story of a hunt
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13
Q

Genevieve von Betzinger discovered ______ signs had been used in cave paintings all over Europe over a time range of ______ years

A

32 signs; 30 000 years! (-40 000 to -10 000)

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14
Q

What did von Betzinger think the symbols she discovered meant?

A
  • probably more basic than language, maybe some for counting or just as a representation of what’s inside the human mind?
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15
Q

What two precursors to written language did we learn about?

A
  • pictograms (like what von Betzinger found, are basic drawings of objects/symbols)
  • cuneiform writing (500BC), gets closer to actual language
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16
Q

Why was an example given where von Betzinger found symbols painted 500m inside a cave in a very narrow space?

A
  • shows ppl went through lots of effort to put those symbols there, they must have been important to these people
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17
Q

What is the Greek Miracle?

A
  • 6th to 4th century BC
  • move away from using gods and myths as causes for natural phenomena; toward more natural/rational answer to natural problems
  • beginning of scientific thinking (minus scientific methods)
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18
Q

What did the Greeks call the universe?

A

The Cosmos

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19
Q

Who were the pre-socratics? (+ 7 named in class)

A
  • pre-scientific scientists
  • wanted to understand the natural world
  • Empedocles, Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Parmenides, Zeno, Anexagoras, Democritus
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20
Q

What are the two main questions that classify ideas about the true nature of the universe?

A
  • Is there one or many basic elements? (qualitative)
  • Is there just one thing or many things? (quantitative)
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21
Q

Describe qualitative/quantitative monism/pluralism

A

Qualitative monism: there is one basic element
Qualitative pluralism: there are many basic elements

Quantitative monism: there is just one thing
Quantitative pluralism: there are many things

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22
Q

Describe the 2x2 table on monism/pluralism. What are the 4 options?

A

QL and QN pluralism: there are many things made up of many basic elements

QL monism and QN pluralism: there are many things made up of one basic element

QL and QN monism: there is just one thing

QL pluralism and QN monism: Dual-Aspect Monism (there is just one thing in the universe, but that one thing has different aspects)

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23
Q

What is dual-aspect monism?

A
  • QN monism, QL pluralism
  • there is just one thing in the universe, but it has different aspects
  • think metaphor of saucer that looks convex or concave depending on if you look at it from above or below
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24
Q

Which monism/pluralism view is the most intuitive position and why?

A

QN and QL pluralism because it is closest to our sensory experience!

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25
Q

How do qualitative/quantitative monism/pluralism relate to the relationship between mind and matter?

A
  • mind and matter are 2 diff things (QL and QN pluralism)
  • 2 aspects of same thing (QL pluralism, QN monism; dual-aspect monism)
  • just one thing; body or mind (QL and QN monism)
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26
Q

What is the most prevalent mind/matter position in modern science?

A
  • there is only matter
  • QL and QN monism
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27
Q

What did Plato and Descartes think about the relationship between mind and matter?

A
  • they are two different things
  • dualists (QL and QN pluralism)
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28
Q

What did Fechner think about the relationship between mind and matter?

A
  • they are two aspects of the same thing (dual-aspect monism; QL pluralism, QN monism)
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29
Q

What did Berkely think about the relationship between mind and matter?

A
  • there is only mind
  • QL and QN monism
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30
Q

Ancient Greeks thought there were ___ elements essential to life. They were:

A
  • 4
  • Earth: food
  • Air: breathing
  • Fire: warmth
  • Water: drinking
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31
Q

Empedocles (490-430 BC) general info

A
  • pre-socratic
  • QN and QL pluralist
  • everything comes from the 4 elements: earth (solid), fire (thinking), air (breath of life) and water (liquid)
  • two causes (forces that cause elements to interact): love (attraction) and strife (repulsion)
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32
Q

Empedocles (490-430 BC) was a (quantitative/qualitative) (monist/pluralist)

A

qualitative and quantitative pluralist!

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33
Q

According to Empedocles, what are the 4 elements and what do they represent?

A
  • earth: solid
  • fire: thinking
  • air: breathing
  • water: liquid
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34
Q

According to Empedocles, what are the 2 causes?

A
  • love (attraction) and strife (repulsion)
  • these are the forces that cause the elements to interact
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35
Q

Heraclitus (from Ephesus; 540-480 BC) general info

A
  • pre-socratic
  • everything that we think is permanent is in fact permanently changing
  • a fundamental property of reality is to be always changing
  • “you can never step in the same river twice”
  • but there is still order in change (matter doesn’t just dissolve, gravity is a thing)
  • fire represents constant change
  • logos (word/reason) represents the order
  • dual-aspect monist (QN monist, QL pluralism)
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36
Q

Heraclitus (540-480 BC) was a (quantitative/qualitative) (monist/pluralist)

A

quantitative monist, qualitative pluralist (dual-aspect monism)

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37
Q

Who said “you can never step in the same river twice”? What does this mean?

A
  • Heraclitus
  • reality is constantly changing so while the river is one thing it has many aspects (dual-aspect monism!)
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38
Q

According to Heraclitus, _____ represents constant change and ____ represents the order

A

fire; logos (word/reason)

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39
Q

Pythagoras of Samos (580-500 BC) general info

A
  • pre-socratic
  • similar to Heraclitus, except order comes from math, not logos
  • founded a school in Croton (southern Italy), the Pythagoreans, who were visited by Socrates and Plato
  • dual-aspect monist
40
Q

Pythagoras was a (quantitative/qualitative) (monist/pluralist)

A

quantitative monist, qualitative pluralist (dual-aspect monism)

41
Q

Which two thinkers presented in class are Eleadics? Were they (quantitative/qualitative) (monists/pluralists)

A
  • Parmenides and Zeno
  • quantitative and qualitative monists
42
Q

What is the first step in proving the quantitative and qualitative monism point of view?

A
  • first need to prove that our senses lie (deny sensory experiences as reality)
43
Q

Parmenides (from Elea; 515- BC) general info

A
  • pre-socratic
  • all change is illusion
  • sensory experience is not real, the real can only be understood through reason
  • QL and QN monist
44
Q

Zeno of Elea (495-430 BC) general info

A
  • pre-socratic
  • movement is an illusion
  • Zeno’s paradoxes (Achilles and tortoise)
  • QL and QN monist
45
Q

Explain Zeno’s paradox of Achilles and the tortoise

A
  • Achilles and the tortoise are racing; Achilles is 2x as fast
  • when will Achilles catch up?
  • Zeno says he can never catch the tortoise bc by the time he reaches where the tortoise was, it will have moved forward again
  • can use this argument to show that our sense lie
46
Q

Anexagoras (510-428 BC) general info

A
  • pre-socratic
  • basic element for all types of things (seeds of bone, flesh, hair, etc)
  • there is a nous (cosmic mind) drawing things into an ordered direction (beginnings of theology!)
  • qualitative and quantitative pluralist
47
Q

Anexagoras (510-428 BC) was a (quantitative/qualitative) (monist/pluralist)

A

qualitative and quantitative pluralist

48
Q

Anexagoras’ thinking was the beginning of what other discipline?

A

theology!

49
Q

Democritus (460-370 BC) general info

A
  • pre-socratic
  • everything is made of small indivisible things (atoms)
  • apparent order comes from blind force combining things by chance
  • this is a more mechanistic explanation (he does not fall into trap of trying to explain stuff via cosmic force)
  • precursor to reductionism, materialism and determinism
  • there is only matter
  • qualitative monist (all atoms are same) and quantitative pluralist
50
Q

Democritus (460-370 BC) was a (quantitative/qualitative) (monist/pluralist)

A

qualitative monist and quantitative pluralist

51
Q

What does the word atom mean

A
  • that which cannot be divided
  • “a” means not; “temno” means I cut
52
Q

Socrates was an important figure in ancient Greek philosophy because he stopped asking questions strictly aimed at understanding ____________ and focused more on _______

A

understanding the nature of external reality; focused more on the subject

53
Q

What 3 topics did Socrates’ thinking introduce?

A

morals, aesthetics, politics (the humanities!!!)

54
Q

Who said “Know Thyself”? How is this statement intended, and what does it mean?

A
  • Socrates!
  • intended as an order/imperative
  • you can know everything about the external world and still be lost!
55
Q

Why was Socrates really annoying?

A
  • he would find holes in people’s arguments and attack them about it
  • his point was that we can’t know anything for sure, knowledge is to be constantly produced in this dialogue
56
Q

According to Dr. Roy, why was Socrates being sentenced to death a “high point” in his career?

A
  • Socrates argued for accepting sentence even if unfair
  • can’t beat injustice by another unjust act
57
Q

According to Dr. Roy, who are the 2 central figures of ancient Greek philosophy?

A

Plato and Aristotle

58
Q

Explain the relationship between Plato, Aristotle and Socrates. Who was whose student?

A

Socrates –> Plato –> Aristotle
- Plato was student of Socrates, Aristotle was student of Plato

59
Q

Why does Plato’s hand point up towards the sky while Aristotle’s hand gestures to the ground in Raphael’s famous painting?

A

Plato: wants to transcend realm of our sensory experience; what’s important is what’s “up there”

Aristotle: need to start w sensory experiences/observations before using reason to understand reality (this is closest to modern science!!)

60
Q

After the death of Socrates, Plato left Athens to spend some time with the ______

A

Pythagoreans

61
Q

What are the 2 phases in Plato’s work?

A

1: work in the voice of Socrates
2: work influenced by mystic Pythagoreanism

62
Q

Plato’s Theory of Forms distinguishes between what 2 realms?

A
  • realm of eternal never-changing ideas (forms)
  • realm of ever-changing material reality in which the forms of ideas are imperfectly realized
63
Q

Explain Plato’s allegory of the cave

A
  • explains idea that there is a clear and important distinction btw what senses perceive and pure/ideal forms
  • prisoners have been in cave forever, can only see shadows on wall of objects that are behind them
  • says we can’t trust our senses bc these are just shadows of real objects
64
Q

Explain the distinction between forms and material reality in terms of the example of the colour white

A
  • nothing we see in real life is purely white (ex animals)
  • “white” doesn’t exist in reality
  • doesn’t mean pure white doesn’t exist at all, it just exists in a parallel world/realm where these pure forms exist
65
Q

Explain Plato’s doctrine of recollection (anamnesis)

A
  • senses don’t tell us anything, we have to use pure reason to understand reality
  • all-knowing cosmos-soul is in us, but we forget what it knew bc of the violent way it is injected into our body
  • using our reason, we can RECOVER what the cosmic soul already knew
  • no real learning, can only recover what we already knew
66
Q

According to Plato, why is geometrical knowledge the most prestigious knowledge?

A
  • can be completely derived from set of principles by means of reasoning
  • not related to anything that exists in the world, only exists in our minds
67
Q

Plato’s _______ model of the soul is one of the first written mentions of _________

A

tripartite; one of first mentions of some form of theory of the soul and personality

68
Q

According to Plato’s tripartite model, what are the 3 parts of the soul (personality)

A
  • Reason (brain)
  • Spirit (heart; courage/emotion)
  • Appetite (liver; motivation, desires)
69
Q

What is the link between Plato’s tripartite model and his book (______) that it was published in

A
  • Republic
  • thinks society is divided into 3 kinds of roles based on which part of the soul is dominant
  • reason: philosophers (should rule the republic)
  • spirit: soldiers
  • appetite: workers
70
Q

What 2 examples, other than Plato’s model, were given of tripartite models in psychology?

A
  • Freud: Id, Ego, Superego
  • Paul Maclean (neurologist): Triune brain
71
Q

What are the 3 brains that make up the mind in Paul Maclean’s Triune brain model

A
  • homo sapiens brain (frontal cortex): thought and verbal expression
  • mammalian brain (limbic system): emotion
  • reptilian brain (basal ganglia/brainstem): body sensation and impulses
72
Q

Describe the 3 step process of Hegel’s dialect

A

Thesis –> Antithesis –> Synthesis (–> Thesis ….)

state something, come up with an argument against it, reconcile the 2 extremes, come up with a new thesis

73
Q

A triangle represents the _____ of opposites

A

reconciliation

74
Q

According to Dr. Roy, why are we so comfortable with 3 part models?

A
  • they allow for same type of configuration as Hegel’s dialect (thesis, antithesis, synthesis)
75
Q

What religious and French examples were given of 3 part models that are configured like Hegel’s dialect?

A
  • The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit
  • French Republic slogan: Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite (added fraternity to resolve conflict btw liberty and equality)
76
Q

Why did Plato think the triangle was the best shape ever?

A
  • smallest possible shape w smallest # of corners
  • triangles are everywhere!
77
Q

Plato founded the _____ which focused on learning ________.
Aristotle founded the _____ which focused on learning _____.

A
  • Academia (first uni); geometry and math
  • Lyceum; broader scope than the Academy!
78
Q

According to Aristotle, we should start with _____, not _____ to understand reality

A

observations, not reason

79
Q

Aristotle wrote about ____ books on what topic(s)?

A
  • 150, diverse subjects
  • many books lost in great fire at library of Alexandria
  • tutored Alexander the Great
80
Q

What theory of Aristotle’s led to Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A
  • biological taxonomy
  • careful observation, followed by classification of all life forms (think branch diagram)
81
Q

According to Plato:
Truth is found through ____; senses ______. The mind is the ______ of knowledge.

A

thinking (introspection); senses lie
mind is origin of knowledge
(focus on mathematics)

82
Q

According to Aristotle:
Truth is found through ____; senses ______. The mind is the ______ of knowledge.

A

observing nature; senses are reliable
mind is organizer of knowledge
(focus on classification and categories)

83
Q

What did Aristotle argue about Plato’s theory of forms and exemplars (material reality)? There is a problem of ______. What 2 examples were used to illustrate this?

A
  • participation! (how do exemplars participate in forms?)
  • idea of “white” can’t exist without sensory experiences
  • ex thunder makes no sense to think ab if you haven’t experienced it
84
Q

What does Aristotle say is the relationship between matter (exemplars) and form?

A
  • Plato had these divided
  • form is IN exemplar
  • matter always takes on some form of organization
  • form is immanent to matter
85
Q

According to Aristotle, form is _____ to matter

A

immanent

86
Q

What are immanent forms?

A
  • Aristotle’s solution to problem of participation
  • forms come from within the matter
  • consciousness is an immanent property of our brain! (science today agrees)
87
Q

What are transcendent forms?

A
  • there are two realms, one of matter and one of pure ideal forms
88
Q

A particular is a(n) ______; it is composed of _____ and _____. The name of this theory is ______.

A

an object; composed of form and matter
Hylomorphism

89
Q

Teleology states that the particular has an inherent ____, _____, and _____ in its essence

A

capacity, potential, end (telos)
- in every living thing, there is a potential to be actualized; the actualization of that potential is the telos

90
Q

Distinguish the concepts of hylomorphism and teleology

A

Hylomorphism: the form is inherent in the material embodiment of that thing (form is in the matter)

Teleology: ultimate goal or purpose of a thing

91
Q

Explain the example of the ship in relation to matter & form

A
  • if you change each part of ship one at a time, is it the same ship or a different ship?
  • both are true (like human body)
92
Q

What is the telos in Aristotle’s Teleology?

A
  • end/purpose/good
  • actualization of potential is the telos
  • ex oak tree is already inside acorn, just waiting to be developed
93
Q

List Aristotle’s 4 causes for why things are the way they are

A
  • Efficient cause (force exerted, makes more sense for non-living things)
  • Material cause (stuff it is made of)
  • Formal cause (essential nature of thing, organization)
  • Final cause (telos, goal, purpose)
94
Q

Explain the examples of a table and earrings in relation to Aristotle’s 4 causes

A

Table
- Efficient: carpenter’s work
- Material: wood
- Formal: structure
- Final: use to eat on

Earrings
- Efficient: artist’s work
- Material: poop
- Formal: earring
- Final: art!!

95
Q
A

PSYC 403 (10 decks)

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