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PSYC 403 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What were the key points in Gustave Le Bon’s 1895 book Psychologie des Foules?

A
  • in crowds, ppl abandon individuality and rationality and assume a collective mind that allows them to do things they would never do alone
  • anonymity frees individual from personal responsibilities
  • Contagion: through suggestibility and imitation, violent behaviour spreads through the crowd
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2
Q

Gustave Le Bon:
The process of _____ is when through ___ and ___, violent behaviour spreads through the crowd

A

CONTAGION; SUGGESTIBILITY & IMITATION

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3
Q

How can we connect Freud’s Id/Ego/Superego to Le Bon’s crowd psychology?

A
  • in a crowd, the Id is let loose! (no more control by ego or superego)
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4
Q

How is Edward Bernays related to Freud?

A
  • he is Freud’s double nephew
  • son of Freud’s sister + Freud’s wife’s brother
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5
Q

Who is Adam Curtis?

A
  • creator of documentary The Century of the Self (2002)
  • doc about Edward Bernays and origins of marketing
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6
Q

Edward Bernays (1891-1995) was considered the father of ____ and _____

A

public relations and marketing

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7
Q

How did Edward Bernays come up with the idea to encourage consummerism?

A
  • in WW1, his job was to influence public opinion in favor of the war
  • realized the same strategies could be used in peacetime to control “dangerous masses” (problem in 20th century)
  • comes up w consumerism as a means to safely satisfy the Id
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8
Q

How did Edward Bernays think we could safely satisfy the needs of the Id?

A
  • consumerism!
  • stir desires via marketing; when ppl are engages in this they won’t riot
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9
Q

Bernays wanted to shift America from a ____ culture to a ____ culture

A

needs to desires! (“man’s desires must overshadow his needs”)

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10
Q

How did Bernays improve Betty Crocker’s marketing for their cake mix?

A
  • conducted focus group w housewives
  • found out they weren’t buying the mix bc it was too easy and they felt guilty
  • removed the eggs from the mix so ppl had to add them themselves!
  • they sold way more! (still like this today)
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11
Q

In general, techniques used in focus groups are based on ________

A

Freud’s free association technique!

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12
Q

How can we interpret Bernays’ Betty Crocker campaign in terms of Freudian psychology?

A
  • can see eggs as symbolism for feminine fertility!
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13
Q

Where is Freud on list of most eminent psychologists of 20th century?

A

3rd! (behind Skinner and Piaget)

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14
Q

The bulk of the controversy ab Freud relates to _____

A

the scientific standing of his theory

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15
Q

What did Popper say about the scientific standing of Freud’s theory?

A
  • Freudian theory is unfalsifiable, and therefore unscientific!
  • ex presence of a repressed memory is confirmed by either the patient’s capacity or incapacity to recall it
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16
Q

What did Ricoeur say about the scientific standing of Freud’s theory?

A
  • psychoanalysis should be understood as an interpretation that resembles history (vs observational science)
  • just bc it is not scientific doesn’t mean it’s worthless
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17
Q

What is Hermeneutics? Where does the word come from?

A
  • word comes from Greek god Hermes (messenger to gods)
  • art of interpretation (philosophical and interpretive approach)
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18
Q

Ppl who still endorse the value of Freud’s work emphasize which aspect of his theory?

A
  • Hermeneutics!! (art of interpretation)
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19
Q

Who is perceived to be Freud’s heir?

A

Carl Jung (worked together from 1906-1913)

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20
Q

Why was the 1909 Psychology Conference @ Clark University historically important?

A
  • could be considered first psych conference
  • marks meeting of Freudian theory/psychoanalysis with psychology in North America
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21
Q

Jung’s father was a _____ and his grandfather was a _____

A

priest; medical doctor (had both influences!)

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22
Q

Jung practiced as a ______

A

psychiatrist (so exposed to more severe cases vs Freud)

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23
Q

Jung founded _____

A

analytic psychology (not same as Freud’s psychoanalysis)

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24
Q

How did Jung define introversion vs extroversion? How would he and Freud be categorized?

A
  • Introverts: more readily acknowledge their psychological needs and problems
  • Extroverts: tend to be oblivious to internal stuff bc they focus more on outer world
  • according to this, Jung is a super introvert
  • criticized Freud for not being introverted enough (didn’t go deep enough into his own mind)
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25
Q

Jung: “In each of us there is _______. He speaks to us in _____ and tells us how differently he sees us from the way we see ourselves.”

A

another whom we do not know
dreams!

**for Jung this “other person” is Philemon (old man)

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26
Q

What are Jung’s 4 layers of consciousness/reality? What is different from Freud’s theory?

External Reality | _____ | ______ | ______

A

External Reality | Consciousness | Personal Unconscious | Collective Unconscious

  • collective unconscious is new! (point of debate btw him and Freud)
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27
Q

What is Jung’s “Collective Unconscious”?

A
  • contains archetypes (inherited universal structures)
  • things that are probably in our genes!
  • eg how to procreate, how to distinguish male/female
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28
Q

According to Jung, what is the key role of the Ego?

A
  • filtering what enters our consciousness
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29
Q

Where does the Ego live in Jung’s model?

A

consciousness

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30
Q

Where do archetypes live in Jung’s model?

A

in both personal and collective unconscious

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31
Q

According to Jung, the only way we can know archetypes is through _____

A

symbols!! (eg canadian flag symbolizes more than just Canada)

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32
Q

According to Jung, symbols bridge the gap between _____ and _____ by conveying meaning that “goes beyond” _____

A

the conscious and the unconscious
goes beyond what can be sensorily perceived or understood by reason

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33
Q

What is an archetype?

A
  • “general representative model”
  • inherited universal mental structures that precede consciousness
  • deeply ingrained in our nervous system
  • are aware of archetypes through symbols/archetypical representations
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34
Q

Archetypes are a bit like _____ of the mind.

A
  • organs!
  • sub-parts of mind that have different inherited functions
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35
Q

What is the “persona” (Jung)?

A
  • key archetype
  • persona means “to speak through” like a theatre mask
  • social mask or role individual presents to outside world
  • can represent occupation or any social role
  • there is a difference between the real self + the persona
  • Ego decides what persona to put on!!
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36
Q

Where does the persona live in Jung’s model?

A
  • at junction of consciousness + external reality
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37
Q

What is the “shadow” (Jung)?

A
  • key archetype
  • represents darker/hidden aspects of an individual’s personality
  • parts of self that we may not be fully aware of
  • can include negative traits, desires, fears, impulses that aren’t consistent w person’s conscious self-image
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38
Q

Where does the shadow live in Jung’s model?

A

personal unconscious

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39
Q

What are the “anima” and the “animus”? (Jung)

A
  • inner opposite gender aspects of individual’s psyche
  • anima: for men, inner feminine aspect of psyche
  • animus: for women, inner masculine aspect of psyche
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40
Q

Where do the anima and animus live in Jung’s model?

A

collective unconscious

41
Q

How many general personality archetypes did Jung outline? Where do they live?

A
  • 12! (4 categories; explore spirituality, leave legacy, pursue connection, provide structure)
  • live in collective unconscious
42
Q

What 3 examples were given of archetypical representations of personality archetypes?

A
  • marvel superheros
  • greek gods
  • characters in movies/TV (eg Lord of the Rings)
43
Q

What is individuation?

A
  • Jung
  • process of making the unconscious conscious
  • lifelong process of becoming one’s true and unique self
  • involves integrating all conscious and unconscious aspects of personality
  • this is a big point of difference w Freud! (doesn’t exist in Freudian theory)
44
Q

How does Jung distinguish the Ego vs the Self?

A

Ego: how I perceive myself
Self: totality of what I am

45
Q

Who is Philemon? What archetype is he a representation of?

A
  • old man who speaks to Jung in his dreams
  • archetype of the sage
46
Q

In Jung, the unconscious wants ______

A

to become conscious! (we just have trouble listening to it)

47
Q

How were the examples of Alice in Wonderland and symbols painted in caves linked to archetypes?

A
  • Rabbit in Alice is archetypical rep. of jester; brings Alice into her unconscious
  • old symbols in caves might come from our unconscious! (symbols?)
48
Q

The ____ is a representation of the archetype of the self in that it represents _______

A

mandala; represents wholeness, unity, no beginning or end
(endless process of trying to find the center of the circle)

49
Q

According to Jung, the “self” manifests itself to the conscious mind as ____

A

the idea of God! (this is where a lot of scientists thought Jung was a bit crazy)

50
Q

Jung: the idea of God is something that ____ to oneself. It is not something that is rationally deduced, but something that _____.

These types of experiences are called _______

A

“happens”; something that we “feel”

numinous experiences

51
Q

According to Dr. Roy, Jung and Descartes are very different thinkers in general, but converge on one point. What is it?

A
  • thoughts about God!
  • Descartes: lesser can’t give rise to greater; God is an idea that happens to us
  • much like Jung’s numinous experiences
52
Q

Carl Jung’s work stands between ____ and _____

A
  • theology and psychology!
  • theologists think he is trying to psychologize God
  • psychs think he talks about God too much
53
Q

According to Jung, what is the strong empirical reason for which we should cultivate thoughts that can never be proved like God? This goes against which thinker?

A
  • idea of a world without God is very depressing (“tale told by an idiot”) bc there is no meaning!
  • this tale told by an idiot is basically Shoppenhauer’s perspective
54
Q

What was the original goal of behaviourism?

A

to make psychology a science of behaviour and not a science of the mind

55
Q

Where does comparative psychology come from? What is it’s main goal?

A
  • comes from Darwinian concept of continuity between animals and humans
  • wants to compare animal vs human minds
  • mind as inference!!
56
Q

The term “behaviour” comes from ______ psychology.

A

comparative/animal

57
Q

How does behaviour relate to animal mind/consciousness?

A
  • intended to complement animal mind, not replace it
  • behaviour is a way to have a clue that there is a mind/consciousness in animals
58
Q

Lloyd Morgan: behaviour is whatever can ______

A

potentially reveal the presence of a mind!

59
Q

According to Lloyd Morgan, we can use _____ to _____ the potential presence of a mind

A

introspection to infer

60
Q

How can we apply Lloyd Morgan’s method to determine if these things are behaviour?
- man running after a bus
- heart beating
- dog up on hind legs trying to touch doorknob
- snail stretching neck to drink water

A

BUS
- if you imagine being that man, you would be conscious of running after the bus to catch it
- can infer the potential presence of a mind so we can call this behaviour!
HEARTBEAT
- if you imagine being that man, you wouldn’t have impression that you are voluntarily controlling heartbeats
- can’t infer potential presence of mind so we can’t call this behaviour
DOG
- if imagine being dog, get impression that you are asking for someone to open the door
- can infer potential presence of mind, so is behaviour!
SNAIL
- if imagine being snail, get impression you are stretching neck to drink the water
- can infer potential presence of a mind, so is behaviour!

61
Q

What is Lloyd Morgan’s “criterion of mind”?

A
  • only way to infer the presence of a mind from another living being is by observing its actions
62
Q

In the US in the 20th century, there was a strong preference for ____ vs ____ explanations of society

A

naturalistic vs historical

63
Q

According to social Darwinism, our social structures are the result of ______

A

a natural selection process

64
Q

In the 20th century, there was a movement to ground sociology and psychology in _____

A

biology!
so applied term “behaviour” to these fields to make them more objective and scientific

65
Q

Watson’s 1913 paper “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it” is also known as ____. It was published around the same time that _____’s work was quite popular.

A

the behaviorist manifesto! (this is what made him famous)
Titchener (whose whole method was introspection…)

66
Q

What was the main purpose of Watson’s Behaviorist Manifesto?

A
  • to criticize introspection as a psychological method
  • we should abandon the study of the mind and focus on behaviour!
67
Q

What did Watson think of comparative psychology?

A
  • didn’t go far enough!! (bc it still uses introspection)
68
Q

Watson: the theoretical goal of behaviorism is ______

A

the prediction and control of behaviour
**note he does not say goal is to understand behaviour

69
Q

Watson’s 1919 book “psychology from the standpoint of a behaviorist” was likely inspired by ___

A

Pavlov!

70
Q

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian ____

A

physiologist!

71
Q

Pavlov was inspired by (vitalistic/mechanistic) physiology

A

mechanistic!!

72
Q

Pavlov got a Nobel prize for his studies on ____

A

digestion!! (he was special in the field bc he was an excellent surgeon as well as a researcher)

73
Q

Why did Pavlov start looking at conditioned reflexes?

A
  • in studies on digestion, noticed that animals started salivating when he put them into the apparatus (bc they were used to getting fed!)
74
Q

What is the unconditioned reflex (Pavlov)?

A
  • unconditioned stimulus (eg food) causes an automatic unconditioned response (salivation)
75
Q

What is the conditioned reflex (Pavlov)?

A
  • through repeated pairings w food, being put in experimental apparatus becomes a conditioned stimulus eliciting a conditioned response (salivation)
76
Q

What is generalization (Pavlov)?

A
  • a stimulus resembling the CS will produce the same effect!
77
Q

What is differentiation (Pavlov)?

A
  • a stimulus resembling the CS doesn’t produce the same effect (learn to distinguish the two!)
78
Q

What is experimental neuroses (Pavlov)?

A
  • if you reach limits of differentiation (gradually make stimulus very hard to distinguish), animals become agitated and try to escape
  • “neurosis” produced by ambiguity of the CS (one stimulus but two meanings)
  • competition between spread of activation and spread of inhibition
79
Q

What is the name of the mechanism we now know is behind conditioning?

A

long term potentiation

80
Q

What is the “spread of activation” (Pavlov)?

A
  • like ripples of neuronal activity
  • when ripples from two areas (CS and UCS) are set off at same time, they join and become associated so that eventually the CS will always activate the UCS
81
Q

How did Pavlov’s use of conditioning differ from that of behaviorists?

A
  • Pavlov used it as a means of generating data (ultimate goal to understand brain physiology)
  • behvaviourists used it as an explanation for adaptive behaviour (don’t care ab brain physiology)
82
Q

According to Watson, the 3 innate emotions are ___, ____, and ____. This is similar to ____

A

fear, anger, and love
similar to Freud’s Thanatos and Eros

83
Q

According to Watson, only the fear of ___ and ____ are innate. Other emotional reactions/fears evolved through _____

A

heights and very loud/intense stimuli
evolved through learned association w 3 basic emotions!

84
Q

Describe Watson’s Little Albert experiment. What were the UCR, UCS, CR, and CS?

A
  • 11mo infant
  • presented w white lab rat; loudly struck metal bar as he reached for rat to pet it (jumped and cried on 2nd attempt)
  • for weeks after, Albert displayed fear responses when presented w the rat
  • fear generalized! (also afraid of Santa’s beard)
  • UCR: fear
  • UCS: metal bar
  • CR: fear
  • CS: rat
85
Q

When Watson moved to New York in the 1920s, he got a job at ______ and also taught at the New School for _______

A

an advertising agency (4-5x salary he had at Hopkins)
New School for Social Research

86
Q

What is radical environmentalism?

A
  • environmental factors have overwhelmingly greater importance than hereditary or a person’s physical constitution in determining behaviour
87
Q

Watson’s most important book, _______(1924) made what somewhat extreme claim?

A
  • “Behaviourism”
  • he could take a dozen healthy infants and take them into his own specified world to raise them and make them into any type of specialist he wanted (regardless of genes)
  • example of radical environmentalism
88
Q

What kind of behaviorists were:
- Watson
- Pavlov
- Hull
- Tolman
- Skinner

A
  • Watson: classical behaviorist
  • Pavlov: classical behaviorist (but more of a physiologist)
  • Hull: neo-behaviorist
  • Tolman: neo-behaviorist
  • Skinner: neo-behaviorist
89
Q

What is neo-behaviorism?

A
  • psychological perspective; evolved from classical behaviorism
  • incorporates the study of cognitive processes
  • acknowledges the role of internal cognitive processes like thinking, memory, and perception in understanding behavior
90
Q

(T/F) Clark Hull founded neo-behaviorism

A

FALSE (but he is a great example of one!)

91
Q

What is mechanistic behaviorism?

A
  • learning can be conceptualized in terms of mathematical laws that specify relationships among many variables (eg habit strength, drive strength and stimulus intensity)
92
Q

Define the elements of Hull’s equation:

sEr = sHr x D x V x K

Excitatory potential (sEr):
Habit strength (sHr):
Drive strength (D):
Stimulus intensity (V):
Incentive (K):

A
  • Excitatory potential (sEr): likelihood that the organism would produce response r to stimulus s
  • Habit strength (sHr): derived from previous conditioning trials
  • Drive strength (D): how much you want the thing
  • Stimulus intensity (V): eg easier to condition fear of snake vs something else
    Incentive (K): how appealing the result of the action is
93
Q

Edward Tolman completed his PhD at Harvard in 1915 under the supervision of Hugo Munsterburg (the prof who replaced ______)

A

William James!

94
Q

What animal did Tolman primarily use in his research?

A

rats

95
Q

What is latent learning?

A
  • one of Tolman’s core ideas
  • idea that learning can occur w/o reinforcement
  • there are some gaps in old vision of behaviorism!
96
Q

What is purposive behaviorism

A
  • Tolman
  • animal and human behaviour is motivated by goals
  • eg rats only used knowledge of maze layout once a reward was available
97
Q

Describe Blodget and Tolman’s maze experiment

A
  • put rats in a maze with potential food reward at finish
  • group 1 had food day one, grp 2 day 3, grp 3 day 7
  • some learning took place before rewards, but huge drop in errors as soon as food was introduced
  • suggests rats had learnt the layout of the maze before there was a reward (latent learning) but only used it when a goal was introduced (purposive behaviorism)!!
98
Q

How does Tolman distinguish between molar and molecular behaviour? Which does he think is more important?

A
  • molar: general goal-directed behaviour (eg getting to end of maze)
  • molecular: minute sequence of events used to attain goal (eg specific sequence of left/right turns)
99
Q
A

PSYC 403 (10 decks)

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