Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 210 > Special Senses Physiology > Flashcards

Special Senses Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Somatosensory system

A

part of sensory system concerned with the conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Somatic sensation

A

sensation from skin, muscles, bones, tendons, joints which is initiated by somatic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stimulus modality

A

one aspect of stimulus or what we perceive after a stimulus
light, sound, temperature, taste, pressure, smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Proprioception/kinesthesia

A

sense of posture and movement
sensation of the position of your different body parts and muscle contraction in space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Graded potentials

A

not action potential
small depolarizations that act like EPSPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Photoreceptors

A

respond to light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

response to pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

response to temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Auditory receptors

A

response to sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors that respond to touch and pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Merkel’s corpuscles

A

slowly adapting mechanoreceptors that response to touch and pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Free neuron ending

A

close to skin surface
nociceptors, thermoreceptors, slowly adapting mechanoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors that respond to vibration and deep pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

slowly adapting mechanoreceptors that response to skin stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

As stimulus intensity _____, more action potentials are generated at axon terminal of the afferent neuron

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Merkel’s corpuscle stimulation

A

remains on during the entire time that the stimulus or arm poke is occurring
the frequency of the action potentials decreases over time, but the action potentials are still generated the entire time that the stimulus is on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle stimulation

A

it immediately generates a receptor potential with the initial stimulus but quickly decays back to baseline
another receptor potential is generated when the stimulus turns off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why do we have slowly adapting receptors?

A

filter unimportant info out
they tell you when you put a shirt on and when you take it off, but do not continually provide information all day that you are wearing a shirt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3 factors of stimulus localization

A
  1. receptive field size is the extent of the body which senses the poke
  2. density of innervations refers to the number of sensory receptors within a certain area of the skin, in the case of touch
  3. multiple receptive fields exist, and these receptive fields overlap with one another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

amplifies the signal from the neuron which is being directly stimulated
adjacent neurons on the edge of stimulus is strongly inhibited compared to central neuron
enhances the contrast between center and periphery regions to localize sensory input
B inhibits A and C strongly
A and C inhibit C weakly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Anterolateral system

A

pathway which carries pain, hot/cold temp up the somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dorsal column system

A

pathway which carries information on fine touch mechanoreception to somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Anterolateral tract

A
  • painful stimulus on right arm
  • free nerve ending activate action potential
  • first synapse happens in the dorsal horn in spinal cord on the same side of body
  • second synapse crosses the spinal cord to left side of body
  • synapses the thalamus that takes info to cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Dorsal column tract

A
  • tap on the right shoulder
  • mechanoreceptors activate action potential
  • first synapse happens in the brainstem on the same side of the body
  • second synapse crosses the brainstem to left side of body
  • synapses the thalamus that takes info to cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A
  • sensory info goes from the thalamus to somatosensory cortex
  • located behind the motor cortex and central sulcus
  • activates motor cortex neurons
  • different regions of body represent different regions in cortex
  • amount of room taken up in cortex is how densely innervated the sensory receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Photoreceptors are _____ at rest

A

depolarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Photoreceptors are _____ when activated

A

hyperpolarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Optical component

A

focusing the visual image on receptor cells
front part of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Neural component

A

back part of eye
photoreceptors transform image into patten of graded potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Visible light

A

we are seeing the light that is reflected off the object and it is hitting the photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sclera

A

white part of eye
membrane surrounding the eyeball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Extraocular muscle

A

attached to sclera
responsible for eye movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cornea

A

where sclera becomes clear at very front
responsible for refracting light waves
static

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Pupil

A

hole that allows light to pass through into back of the eye

34
Q

Iris

A

regulates size of pupil and amount of light entering eyeball
eye colour
innervated by ANS

35
Q

Lens

A

behind the iris
works with cornea to focus visual image on retina

36
Q

Zonular fibers

A

attached to the lens
attached to ciliary muscles

37
Q

Ciliary muscles

A

can contract and relax to change the shape of lens
when object is very close, ciliary muscle will contract which causes lens to get fatter and shorter and increases refraction

38
Q

Retina

A

located behind the lens
back of eye
photoreceptors are found

39
Q

Rods

A

activated in very low light
monochromatic

40
Q

Cones

A

activated when there is more light
colour vision

41
Q

Retinal ganglion cells

A

activated by rods and cones
take info back towards brain

42
Q

Optic nerve

A

leaves through back of eyeball towards thalamus and cortex
made of axons of retinal ganglion cells

43
Q

Aqueous humor

A

gelatinous fluid that fills the space between lens and cornea

44
Q

Vitreous humor

A

gelatinous fluid found behind the lens

45
Q

Refraction

A

light travels from less dense medium into more dense medium
light bends
cornea
image is upside down

46
Q

Accomodation

A

process of using ciliary muscles in lens to focus an object
lose the ability around 45 years old due to breakdown of ciliary muscles

47
Q

Presbyopia

A

loss of elasticity of the lens resulting in inability to accommodate for near vision
age-related

48
Q

Myopia

A

nearsightedness
eyeball is too long and too much refraction occurs
image is reconstructed in front of retina
corrected by concave glasses

49
Q

Hyperopia

A

farsightedness
eyeball is too short and too little refraction occurs
image is reconstructed behind the retina
corrected by convex glasses

50
Q

Astigmatism

A

oblong shape of eyeball
corrected by glasses or complex laser surgery

51
Q

Glaucoma

A

damage to photoreceptors due to increased intraocular pressure
build up of aqueous humor which pushes lens on vitreous humor which pushes retina
no successful treatment

52
Q

Cataracts

A

clouding of the lens
age-related
cells of lens die and debris builds up
corrected by replacing lens with silicone or fake lens

53
Q

3 interneurons in eye

A

horizontal, bipolar, Amacrine cells
take info from photoreceptors and transfer to retinal ganglion cells

54
Q

Phototransduction by cones in dark

A

GTP –> cyclic GMP by guanylyl cyclase
cyclic GMP binds to receptor on cation channel allowing sodium and calcium into cell
depolarization

55
Q

Phototransduction by cones in light

A
  • disks contain photopigment called retinal
  • cis retinal –> trans retinal by light
  • conformation activates cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase
  • cyclic GMP –> GMP by cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase
    disallowing sodium and calcium into cell
  • hyperpolarizing
56
Q

Activaty of a single cone activates:

A

2 bipolar cells
2 retinal ganglion cells

57
Q

OFF pathway

A
  • no light (depolarization)
  • OFF bipolar cell is activated by glutamate (a lot being released) and ON bipolar cell is inhibited by glutamate (very little being released)
  • graded potential generated at OFF bipolar cell to produce actional potentials in retinal ganglion cells
  • spontaneously hyperpolarize in the absence of input
58
Q

ON pathway

A
  • light (hyperpolarization)
  • ON bipolar cell is activated by glutamate (a lot being released) and OFF bipolar cell is inhibited by glutamate (very little being released)
  • graded potential generated at ON bipolar cell to produce actional potentials in retinal ganglion cells
  • spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input
59
Q

Info from lateral field of view –>

A

nasal region of retina –> crosses to the contralateral side at optic chiasm –> lateral geniculate nucleus –> visual cortex

60
Q

Info from medial field of view –>

A

temporal region of retina –> travels on same side/ipsilateral side –> lateral geniculate nucleus –> visual cortex

61
Q

Pinna

A

physical or external ear that resides outside the head
funnel the zones of compression and rarefaction toward middle ear

62
Q

Sound

A

movement of air molecules
zones of compression: air molecules are tightly packed
zones of rarefaction: relatively few air molecules

63
Q

Amplitude

A

how many air molecules are located within one zone of compression

64
Q

Frequency/pitch

A

distance between the zones

65
Q

Tympanic membrane

A
  • outer ear
  • moves in and out as amplitude and frequency of the sound
66
Q

3 bones in middle ear

A

tympanic membrane –> malleus –> incus –> stapes

67
Q

Purpose of middle ear

A
  • act as levers to amplify sound
  • to pass sound from air to fluid
68
Q

Muscles in the middle ear

A

malleus - tensor tympani muscle
stapes - stapedius muscle

69
Q

Purpose of muscles in middle ear

A
  • to protect the ear from consistent, ongoing, loud sounds by contracting
  • will not protect from a really loud sudden band because no time to contract
70
Q

Oval window

A

the foot of the stapes pushes against the oval window and the cochlea and pushes fluid forward

71
Q

Cochlea

A

inner ear
3 compartments

72
Q

3 compartments of cochlea

A

scala vestibuli - top, perilymph
cochlear duct - middle, endolymph
scala tympani - bottom, perilymph

73
Q

Activation of sensory receptors in auditory system

A

movement of fluid down from the scala vestibule to scala tympani

74
Q

Cochlear duct

A

where the sensory receptors are located (hair cells)

75
Q

Organ of Corti

A

allows from transduction of sound vibrations into neural signals

76
Q

Hair cells

A
  • stereocilia protruding from the tips
  • single row of inner hair cells
  • three rows of outer hair cells
77
Q

Inner hair cells

A

extend into the endolymph and transduce pressure waves caused by fluid movements int the cochlear duct into receptor potentials

78
Q

Outer hair cells

A

attached to the basilar membrane
different regions of basilar membrane vibrate maximally at different frequencies

79
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

takes auditory info from ear towards brain

80
Q

Stereocilia bent towards tallest member of bundle

A
  • potassium flows in
  • depolarization
  • calcium flows in
  • glutamate is released
  • graded potential
81
Q

Stereocilia bent towards shortest member of bundle

A
  • nothing happens
82
Q

Hearing aids

A
  • auditory machinery is not as sensitive
  • an amplifier is placed in auditory canal which activated existing machinery
83
Q

Cochlear implant

A
  • people have damage to certain components of ear
  • machinery does not work
  • speaker is put outside head and transduces into electrical impulses
  • electrodes go from speaker down to vestibulocochlear nerve
  • bypasses outer, middle, inner ear, taken directly

Physiology 210 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions