Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 210 > Central Nervous System Physiology > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

3 main components of brain

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • largest part into two hemispheres
  • corpus callosum: links right and left side
  • cerebral cortex: grey matter outer layer
  • 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
  • forebrain: cerebrum and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function of frontal lobe

A

personality, emotions, control of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Functions of parietal lobe

A

mediates skin and muscle sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Functions of occipital lobe

A

vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functions of temporal lobe

A

hearing and memory functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • base of cerebrum
  • controls balance and voluntary movements, coordination learning, eye movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Brainstem

A
  • composed of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
  • controls respiration, locomotion, cardiovascular, digestion, sleep/wake cycle, arousal, balance posture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Functions of cerebral cortex

A

sensory perception, motor control, language, cognitive functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Functions of basal ganglia

A

movement initiation, inhibition of muscle antagonistic
part of extrapyramidal system
large nuclei deep within cerebral hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Functions of thalamus

A

sensory switchboard which selects and relays sensory signals to cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Functions of hypothalamus

A

homeostasis, emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Functions of spinal cord

A

locomotor pattern generator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Functions of the limbic system

A

learning, emotion, appetite, sex function, endocrine hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Parts of the limbic system

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, olfactory bulbs, septal nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Layers of the meninges

A

Dura mater - tough outer layer
Arachnoid mater - spidery intermediary mesh
Pia mater - delicate inner layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Meningitis

A

infection of the meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  • produced in brain ventricles
  • reabsorbed into blood in the venous system
  • maintains electrolyte balance around neurons
  • bather and support neural tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

water on the brain, reabsorption of CSF is blocked and accumulates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

4 types of glial cells

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • physically support neurons by forming scaffold that holds them together
  • form blood brain barrier
  • form scar tissue which inhibits axon regeneration
  • recycles neurotransmitter
  • maintain electrolyte balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • form myelin sheath around neuronal axons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ependymal cells

A

produce cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Microglia

A

scavengers that ingest bacteria and cellular debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where do brain tumors arise from?

A

glial cells - gliomas
meninges - meningioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Capillaries of the blood brain border

A
  • tightly joined and less porous
  • protects neurons from chemical fluctuations
  • oxygen can cross but large molecules cannot (only through carrier-mediated transport systems)
  • can block beneficial drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Vertebra column

A

boney structure that supports the trunk, head, leg
within the vertebrae is the spinal canal where spinal cord is found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Spinal cord

A
  • conveys signals from sensory receptors to the brain and signals from brain to effector organs
  • neuronal circuitry which generates reflexes and simple rhythmical movements
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves - dermatome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

“You can only control what you sense”

A

in sensory inputs are lost, control is severely affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

cluster of sensory neuron cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Ascending sensory axons

A

from dorsal columns going up to brainstem carrying sensory info to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Descending sensory axons

A

afferent axons travelling towards the tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Ventral horn

A

efferent axons of motoneurons leave spinal cord to innervate muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Dermatomes

A

cervical nerves - mediate sensory input from the arms
thoracic nerves - mediate sensory information from the abdomen (trunk)
lumbar, sacral, coccygeal nerves - mediate sensory info from the legs and feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Shingles

A

neurons in dorsal root ganglia become infected with chicken pox virus
results in band of soreness and pain in the dermatome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Spinal cord injury

A

when spinal cord is damaged or severed, sensation and motor functions below that level are absent or abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Quadriplegia

A

spinal damage at C6 or C7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Paraplegia

A

spinal damage at L1 or L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Modality (sensory stimulus processing principle)

A

type of sensory info that is transmitted
structure of sensory receptor determines different stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

complex bulbous receptor spiraled into capsule
respond to light touch of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Merkel’s corpuslces

A

respond to touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Free nerve ending

A

respond to pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Pacinian corpsucles

A

slippery layers called lamellae that slide over each other
respond to vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

respond to skin stretch or temperature
warm receptors - increase firing rate as temp rises
cold receptors - decrease firing rate as temp falls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Type A sensory receptors

A

axons project directly to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Type B sensory receptors

A

first order receptor cells respond to stimuli and activate second order cells to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Somatosensory receptors

A

cover surface of body and signal sensory modalities to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

sense local tissue deformation in skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

sense temperature in skin and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Nocireceptors

A

sense pain in skin, viscera, muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Proprioceptors

A

sense movement and force in muscles and joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Vestibular receptors

A

sense head acceleration and tilt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Intensity (sensory stimulus processing principle)

A

as stimulus intensity increases, membrane potential at initial segment of afferent axon increases until action potentials are generated
recruitment - number of sensory receptors that are activated increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Neural coding

A

frequency coding - the bigger the stimulus, the more membrane channels in sensory ending are distorted, the greater number of action potentials
population code - the bigger the stimulus, the more sensory neurons are recruited into activity
temporal pattern code - bursts vs steady firing may mediate certain types of sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Duration (sensory stimulus processing principle)

A

slowly adapting receptors - tonic receptors, generation action potential throughout duration of stimulus (Merkel, free neuron ending, Ruffini)
rapidly adapting receptors - respond only briefly each time stimulus changes (Pacinian and Meissner)

54
Q

Location (sensory stimulus processing principle)

A

neuronal signals of given modality from particular part of the body travel along sensory axons in specific tracts in the spinal cord to the brain

55
Q

Acuity

A

the ability to tell the difference between things that are close together
lateral inhibition focuses ascending sensory signals enhancing acuity

56
Q

Two-point discrimination

A

tightly packed receptors, receptive fields are small and acuity is high (hands and face)
loosely packed receptors, receptive fields are large and acuity is low (abdomen, limbs)

57
Q

Overlapping receptive fields

A

when stimulus is applied to any area of the skin, it will always excite more than one receptor
receptive fields that are directly in line with stimulus are excited more and higher action potentials

58
Q

Divergence

A

each sensory afferent sends branches to many neurons in the CNS

59
Q

Convergende

A

a given neuron in the CNS receives inputs from many sensory afferents

60
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

the most active and effected fibers cause the greatest inhibition of adjacent fibers
focuses activation of the neurons on the center of a stimulus (perceived more accurately)

61
Q

Sensation and perception (sensory stimulus processing principle)

A

sensation - the conscious awareness of a stimulus
perception - when a sensation is combined with an understanding of its meaning

62
Q

Topographic map

A

sensory cortex devoted to input from fact and hands is much bigger than input from abdomen, legs, and feet
homunculus - little man, body parts distorted to represent somatosensory cortex
plasticity - map changes

63
Q

Descending inhibition

A

brain and brainstem can screen out certain types of sensory info by inhibiting neurons in afferent pathways
presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition

64
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

reduces transmitter release at synapse between first-order and second-order sensory neurons
inhibits specific sensations like pain
several milliseconds

65
Q

Postsynaptic inhibition

A

hyperpolarizes the membrane of second order sensory neurons to move membrane potential further away from threshold
less selective
1 millisecond

66
Q

Pain pathway

A

tissue damage - prostaglandins and histamine to pain receptors - substance P release in spinal cord - activates projection neurons - signals pain neurons in thalamus and cortex - sensation of pain

67
Q

Analgesia

A

suppression of pain transmission

68
Q

Aspirin

A

blocks production of prostaglandins that are released by damaged tissue

69
Q

Gabapentin

A

blocks production in the nociceptive afferents

70
Q

Opioids (morphine)

A

in the CNS, blocks release of substance P onto projection neurons in the spinal cord

71
Q

Fright, flight, fight response

A

endogenous opiates neurotransmitters are released so that nociceptive input is reduced

72
Q

Projection neuron inhibition

A

by sensory input from large sensory afferents
acupuncture, rubbing the skin, and transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS)

73
Q

Referred pain

A

the sensation of pain is experienced at a site other than the injured or damaged tissue
sensory afferences from the viscera and internal organs enter the spinal cord and synapse onto the same interneurons as sensory afferents from the skin

74
Q

Anterolateral system referred pain

A

pain and temperature
pathway crosses over within a vertebral segment upon entering the spinal cord

75
Q

Dorsal column system referred pain

A

touch, pressure, stretch
pathway crosses over in the brain stem to the contralateral side of nervous system

76
Q

Supraspinal centers controlling movement

A

sensorimotor cortex, brainstem, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia

77
Q

Feedback control

A

in spinal cord, actual position of the limb is subtracted from the desired position. the difference causes motor neurons to contract the muscle to minimize that difference

78
Q

Muscle spindle

A
  • signals length of a flexor muscle
  • inside belly of the muscle
  • group 1 A (muscle and tendon vibration) and 2 sensory afferents
  • sensory ending of muscle spindles are spiraled around these intrafusal muscle fibers
  • tissue capsule
79
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A
  • signals force in a extensor muscle
  • tendinous fascicles at the ends of muscle fibers
  • group 1 B sensory afferents
80
Q

Spasticity

A

overactive stretch reflexes

81
Q

Extrafusal muscle fibers

A

main muscle fibers outside muscle spindle that produce measurable force

82
Q

Alpha motor neurons

A

activate main muscle extrafusal fibers to contract

83
Q

Gama motor neurons

A

activate intrafusal muscle fibers at each end of spindle
stretched the elastic non-contractilePa middle part where sensory endings are located, causing rapid firing

84
Q

Passive stretching

A

GTO afferents respond to small increases in their rate of firing

85
Q

Muscle contraction

A

contraction of extrafusal muscle fibers causes GTO to fire more rapidly, force in the tendon of contraction muscle is much higher

86
Q

Muscle spindle feedback reflex

A

resists the increase in length by reflexly activating extensor motor neurons

87
Q

GTO feedback reflex

A

resists the increase of force by reflexly inhibiting the extensor motor neurons

88
Q

The stronger the spindle reflex, the _____ the spring

A

stiffer

89
Q

The stronger the GTO reflex, the _____ the spring

A

more compliant

90
Q

Corticospinal tract (CST)

A
  • pyramidal tract
  • conveys signals from the sensorimotor cortex through the brainstem to the spinal cord
  • crosses to the contralateral side of nervous system at brainstem
  • monosynaptic connections with spinal alpha motoneurons
  • one neuronal synapse away from muscles
91
Q

Hemiplegia

A

inability to move the limb on the contralateral side of the body

92
Q

Hypertonus

A

excessive level of skeletal muscle tension or activity

93
Q

Dysarthria

A

speech deficits

94
Q

Aphasia

A

inability to understand the meaning of sensory inputs or defect in language

95
Q

Apraxia

A

problem using day to day objects

96
Q

Hemi-neglect

A

occurs when patients fail to be aware of items to one side of their body

97
Q

Speech

A
  • controlled by left side in most people
  • Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
98
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • motor aspects of speech
  • lesions result in motor aphasia (slurring speech)
99
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • comprehension of language
  • association of visual, auditory, tactile input with words
  • lesions results in sensory aphasia (difficulty understanding the meaning of sensor inputs) and dyslexia (difficulty in reading aloud fluently)
100
Q

Cerebrum

A

inputs: sensory input from spinal cord and motor commands from cerebral cortex
vermis: posture, control of movements of neck and trunk
intermediate zone: locomotion control
lateral zone: coordination complex, movements of arms hands fingers
Flocculonodular lobe: controlling balance

101
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

lesion in basal ganglia
poverty of movement (bradykinesia) and rigidity and tremor

102
Q

Huntington’s chorea, Tourette’s syndrome, hemiballismus

A

too much movement (dyskinesia

103
Q

Brainstem

A
  • supplying neurotransmitters to different parts of brain
  • control of respiratory and cardiovascular musculature
  • control transmission in sensory, motor, reflex, and pain pathways
  • initiation of locomotion
104
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

monitors electrical activity in the brain
amplified voltage fluctuations are recorded between pairs of electrodes on the scalp
summated synchronous post-synaptic potentials of many neurons
used to very brain death

105
Q

N1

A
  • light sleep
  • alpha waves
  • reduced frequency and amplitude
  • some theta waves
106
Q

N2

A
  • further lack of sensitivity
  • alpha waves replaced by random waves of greater amplitude
  • sleep spindles - large amplitude and high frequency bursts
107
Q

N3

A
  • deep sleep
  • more theta and delta activity
108
Q

REM

A
  • dreaming and rapid eye movement
  • most relaxed muscles
  • very active brain
  • mimic activity of alert awake state
  • beta rhythm
109
Q

Sleep cycle

A

8 hours - 5 cycles of deep and light sleep (90 minutes each)
time spent in REM increases as morning approaches
N1 –> N2 –> N3 –> REM

110
Q

Epileptic seizures

A

voltage fluctuations become very large

111
Q

Glasgow coma scale

A
  • classify level of consciousness of a person
  • eye movements, responses to questions, voluntary movements and can obey commands to move limbs
112
Q

Criteria of brain death

A
  1. the nature and duration of the coma must be taken
  2. cerebral and brainstem functions are absent
  3. supplementary criteria includes a flat EEG for 30 minutes
113
Q

Reticular activation system (RAS)

A
  • during wakefulness - inputs activate neurons in RAS
  • neurons release monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine) to hypothalamus
  • hypothalamus supplies orexins to thalamus and cortex to maintain wakefulness
114
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A
  • in morning: activates orexin-producing neurons
  • in night: secretes melatonin
  • set circadian rhythm
115
Q

Sleep centre

A
  • pre-optic nucleus of hypothalamus
  • activated by increase in adenosine blood concentration
  • causes GABAergic inhibition to RAS and reduces orexin levels
116
Q

Orexin-producing neurons are activated by

A
  • suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • negative energy balance
  • low blood glucose
  • limbic system activity
117
Q

Limbic system

A

memory and motion and triggers the drive to explore and move

118
Q

Characteristics of consciousness

A

awareness of time, awareness of sensory inputs, fatigue, thirst, happiness, memories, reasoning, ideas

119
Q

Selective attention

A

attention shifts from one focus to another
coincident attractors (visual and auditory) are more like to trigger a shifts than separate attractors
thalamus and locus ceruleus in RAS

120
Q

Conscious perception

A

specific sets of neurons in different parts of the brain temporarily function together to generate consciousness
central brain area selects and illuminates a temporary set

121
Q

Hemi-neglect

A

destruction of specific brain area
the person is unaware oh half of their visual field

122
Q

Motivation

A

reward
pathway in the brainstem nuclei releases dopamine within the frontal love

123
Q

Primary motivated behaviour

A

directly related to homeostasis
water balance, nutrition, body temp

124
Q

Secondary motivated behaviour

A

results in pleasure
can be advantageous or disadvantageous

125
Q

Emotion

A

internal attitudes towards events and environment
different part of brain controls different emotions

126
Q

Depression

A

maintain levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in synapses in CNS
neurogenesis (generation of new neurons)

127
Q

Drug dependence

A

There are 7 criteria and substance dependence is diagnosed when three or more criteria occur within a year

128
Q

Working memory

A
  • short term, easily acquired, quickly lost
    Episodic: recent events, places
    Visuo-spatial: recent sights, locations
    Phonological: recent words, sounds
129
Q

Long-term memory

A
  • slow period of acquisition, lasts for much longer, even a lifetime
    Declarative (consciousness)
  • semantic: facts
  • episodic: personal experiences
    Procedural (motor, subconscious)
  • stimulus-response behaviours
  • motor skills
130
Q

Caudate nucleus

A
  • part of basal ganglia
  • involved in consolidating stimulus to response to behaviors such as those that occur during operant conditionion
  • solving sequence tasks
131
Q

Amnesia

A

absence of memory
concussion: brain injury measured by type and duration of amnesia

132
Q

Retrograde

A

loss of memory of events prior to injury

133
Q

Aterograde

A

loss of memory of events after the injury

134
Q

Korsakoff’s sydrome

A

damage of hippocampus
compete anterograde amnesia

135
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

degeneration of memory-holding neurons
maybe due to amyloid precursor proteins that cause excitotoxicity

Physiology 210 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions