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Physiology 210 > Autonomic Nervous System Physiology > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of ANS

A
  1. maintains homeostasis
  2. flight or flight system
  3. rest and digest
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2
Q

ANS is part of the _____ neurons

A

efferent

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3
Q

Effector muscles of ANS

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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4
Q

3 division of ANS

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
  • enteric
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5
Q

How many cranial nerves

A

12 pairs
emerge from brain

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6
Q

How many spinal nerves

A

31 pairs
mixed nerves - afferent and efferent

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7
Q

Sectors of spinal cord

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal

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8
Q

ANS organization

A

chain of two neurons that connect CNS and effector
linked by a synapse or ganglion (outside CNS)
excitatory and inhibitory

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9
Q

Preganglionic neuron

A

cell body in CNS and extends to ganglia
first neuron
lightly myelinated

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10
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A

cell body in ganglia and extends to target tissue
second neuron
unmyelinated

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11
Q

Neurotransmitters in ANS

A

Acetylcholine, epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE)

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12
Q

PSNS neuron length

A

preganglionic neuron is long
postganglionic neuron is short
ganglia is close to target organ
more isolated

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13
Q

SNS neuron length

A

preganglionic neuron is short
postganglionic neuron is long
ganglia is close to spinal cord
branching and mass discharge

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14
Q

SNS spinal cord sections

A

thoracic (T1-T12) and lumbar (L1-L2)

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15
Q

PSNS spinal cord sections

A

cranial (III, VII, IX, X - vagus nerve) and sacral (S2-S4)

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16
Q

What root do SNS autonomic neurons leave

A

ventral

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16
Q

Collateral ganglia

A

second set of ganglia in SNS
in front of vertebral column
lie close to viscera (internal organs like abdominal and pelvic)

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16
Q

Sympathetic chain/trunk

A

chain of ganglia running parallel to spinal cord on each side

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16
Q

3 collateral ganglia

A

celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion

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17
Q

3 pathways for SNS paraganglionic fiber

A
  1. synapse immediately with postganglionic neuron in sympathetic ganglion at same level
  2. travel up or down the chain and synapse in ganglia at other levels
  3. pass through chain without synapsing, continue to collateral ganglion as splanchnic nerve
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18
Q

Communicated rami

A

branches between spinal nerve and ganglia

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19
Q

White ramus communicans

A

branch that leads to ganglion from spinal nerve
myelinated preganglionic

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20
Q

Grey ramus communicans

A

branch that goes back into spinal nerve
unmyelinated postganglionic

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21
Q

SNS eyes

A

dilation of pupil
adjustment of far vision

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22
SNS cardiovascular
increase heart rate force of contraction
23
SNS blood vessels
constriction of smooth and cardiac dilation of skeletal
24
SNS lungs
dilation of bronchioles inhibition of mucus secretion
25
SNS digestive tract
decreased motility inhibition of digestive secretions
26
SNS endocrine glands
stimulation of epinephrine and norepinephrine by adrenal medulla
27
SNS exocrine glands - sweat and salivary glands
stimulation of secretion stimulation of small volume of thick saliva
28
SNS bladder
prevent voiding
29
SNS genitals
males - emission female - uterus contraction
30
Adrenal Medulla
inner part of adrenal gland on top of kidneys innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons releases 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine into blood
31
PSNS eyes
constriction of pupil adjustment for near vision
32
PSNS cardiovascular
decrease heart rate decrease contraction force
33
PSNS blood vessels
no innervation dilation of penis and clitoris
34
PSNS lungs
constriction of bronchioles stimulation of mucus secretion
35
PSNS digestive tract
increased motility stimulation of digestive secretions
36
PSNS endocrine glands
no effect
37
PSNS exocrine glands - sweat and salivary
no effect stimulation of large volumes of water enzyme rich saliva
38
PSNS bladder
void
39
PSNS genitals
erection
40
Dual autonomic innervation
most target tissues receive innervation from both SNS and PSNS tone - background level of SNS and PSNS activity when one system becomes active the other system turns down its activity provides mroe control
41
Exceptions to dual innervation
adrenal medulla, most blood vessel, and sweat glands only receive SNS
42
Antagonistic effects of SNS and PSNS
opposite SNS - GI tract down, heart rate up PSNS - GI tract up, heart rate down
43
Cooperative effects of SNS and PSNS
working together salivary glands - both systems stimulate but SNS small amount of thick saliva and PSNS large amount of thin saliva male reproductive - PSNS erection and SNS emission
44
Cholinergic chemical transmitter
releases acetylcholine - ACh
45
Adrenergic chemical transmitter
releases norepinephrine - NE
46
Preganglionic neurons release _____
ACh in SNS and PSNS
47
Postganglionic neurons in PSNS release _____ to smooth cardiac gland muscles
ACh
48
Postganglionic neurons in SNS release _____ to smooth cardiac gland muscles
NE
49
Postganglionic neurons in SNS release ____ to sweat glands, blood vessels, skeletal muscle
ACh
50
Postganglionic neurons in SNS release ____ to smooth, cardiac gland muscles via bloodstream
E/NE
51
Cholinergic nerve terminal
preganglionic fibers in SNS and PSNS acetyl-CoA and choline with enzyme choline acetyltransferase produces ACh ACh is packages into vesicle at nerve terminal increased Ca+ moves vesicle to membrane and releases ACh enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh into choline and acetate choline is recycles back into terminal
52
Acetyltransferase
acetyl-CoA + choline = ACh
53
Acetylcholinesterase
ACh = choline + acetate
54
Varicosity
numerous swellings in postganglionic axon branches that release neurotransmitters along length of axon
55
Events at adrenergic varicosity
tyrosine is taken up into varicosity tyrosine --> dopa --> dopamine--> NE NE is taken back up and not broken down
56
2 types of cholinergic receptors
nicotinic and muscarinic
57
Nicotinic receptors
NM - somatic nervous system, skeletal muscle, bind ACh for muscle contraction NN - autonomic nervous system, cell bodies of postganglionic neurons in SNS and PSNS, bind ACh from preganglionic endings Ionotropic receptor - ligand-gated ion receptor 5 subunits and ACh binds to 2 alpha subunits to open pore
58
Muscarinic receptors
5 subtypes (M1-M5) effector cell membranes or target tissues Metabotropic receptor - G-protein signal transduction mechanism 7 transmembrane domains chained together
59
Adrenergic receptors
bind NE or E 2 types: alpha (2 subtypes) and beta (3 subtypes) effector cell membranes or target tissues Metabotropic receptor - G-protein signal transduction mechanism 7 transmembrane domains chained together
60
ACh
released from PSNS postganglionic neurons released from SNS innervating sweat glands, blood vessels, skeletal muscles bind to muscarinic receptors found on target tissue
61
NE
released from SNS postganglionic neurons released from adrenal medulla bind to adrenergic receptors found in target tissue
62
Convergence
numerous preganglionic neurons synapse with single postganglionic neuron
63
Divergence
small number of preganglionic neurons form synapses with large number of postganglionic neurons
64
PSNS divergence
1 preganglionic neuron to 1-3 postganglionic neuron more specific and localized response
65
SNS divergence
1 preganglionic neuron to 1-20 postganglionic neuron more diffuse response
66
ANS reflexes - spinal cord
sacral region - urination, defecation, erection
67
ANS reflexes - brainstem / medulla oblongata
blood pressure regulation, salivation, swallowing, vomiting, respiration
68
ANS reflexes - hypothalamus
regulates temperature, sending messages down spinal cord

Physiology 210 (12 decks)

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