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BDS2 BAMS Disease of Human System > Chronic Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Chronic Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertension

What are the known risk factors for hypertension?

A
  • Age
  • Race
  • Obesity
  • Alcohol
  • Family history
  • Pregnancy
  • Stress
  • Drugs eg. non steroidal, corticosteroids, oral contraceptivs, sympathomimetics
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2
Q

Hypertension

What is hypertension?

A

Raised blood pressure

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3
Q

Hypertension

What is an outcome of hypertension?

A

Accelerated Atheroslcerosis
or renal failure

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4
Q

Hypertension

What can accelerated atherosclerosis contribute to?

3

A
  1. MI
  2. Stroke
  3. Peripheral Vascular Disease
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5
Q

Hypertension

  1. What is essential hypertension?
  2. What is it generally caused by?
A
  1. No medical causes found for Hypertension
  2. genetic changes interacting with the patients environment eg
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6
Q

Hypertension

What are rare causes for hypertension?

A
  • Renal Artery Stenosis
  • Endocrine Tumours
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7
Q

Hypertension

What is a TIA?

A

Transient Ischaemic Attack
- mini stroke
- full neurological return in 24hrs

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8
Q

Heart Failure

Define heart failure

A

Output of heart is incapable of meeting the demands of the tissues

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9
Q

Heart Failure

What is the difference between High and Low Output Heart Failure?

Give examples

A

High: demands of the system have increased beyond the capacity of the pump eg. anaemia, thyrotoxicosis

Low: Pump is failing and not strong enough to force liquid around the body eg. cardaic defect such as MI, valve disease

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10
Q

Heart Failure

What are the most common factors that may contribute to LOW output failure?

A
  • Heart muscle disease (MI, diabetes, obesity)
  • Pressure overload (hypertension, Aortic stenosis)
  • Vol. overload (mitral and aortic incompetence)
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11
Q

Heart Failure

What are less common factros that may contribute to LOW output failure?

A
  • Arrythmias (AF, heart block)
  • Drugs eg. Beta blockers, corticosteroids, anticancer drugs
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12
Q

Heart failure

What is ACUTE failure

A

Left side of heart has a sudden loss of fucntion, fluid accumulated in lungs, patient short of breath

Treatment
1. remove fluid from lungs (diuretic)
2. determine underlying cause and modify

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13
Q

Heart Failure

What are symptoms and signs of Left heart failure?

A

Lungs and systolic effects: heart not pumping blood out inot circuulation and lungs will accumulate more blood than normal
- dysponea (shortness of breath)
- tachcardia
- low bp
- low vol. pulse
- coughing

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14
Q

Heart Failure

What are symptoms and signs of Right heart failure?

A

Venous pressure elevated (systemic veins): veins will be filling as the blood is not being taken and pumped around the body
- swollen ankles
- ascites (fluid in abdominal cavity)
- raised JVP (jugular venous pressure)
- tender enlarged liver
- Poor GI absorption

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15
Q

Heart Failure

What are heart failure symptoms?

A
  • shortness of breath
  • swelling of feat and legs
  • chronic lack of energy
  • difficulty sleeping at night due to breathing problems
  • swollen/tender abdomen with loss of apetite
  • cough with frother sputum
  • increased urination at night
  • confusion/or impaired memory
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16
Q

Heart Failure

Which drugs may be used for drug therapy for chronic heart failure?

A
  1. Diuretics (increase salt and water loss)
  2. ACE inhibitor (reduce salt/water retention)
  3. Nitrates (reduce venous filling pressure)
  4. Inotropes (digoxin - decrease DBP)
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17
Q

Heart Failure

Whic drug type will cause a patients heart failure to become worse?

A

Beta blockers

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18
Q

Cardiac Arrhythmias

Which arrythmia causes increased heart rate?
Give 2 examples

A

Tachy Arrhythmias
- AF
- Ventricular Tachycardia

19
Q

Cardiac Arrhythmias

What are SLOW CA?
Give 2 examples

A

Brady Arrhythmias
- heart block
- Drug induced (beta blocker, digoxin)

20
Q

Hypertension

How can blood pressure be measured?

A

Systolic pressure/Diastolic pressure

21
Q

Hypertension

What is Systolic Pressure?

A

The maximum pressure the heart exerts whilst beating

22
Q

Hypertension

What is diastolic pressure?

A

The pressure in the arteries between beats

23
Q

Hypertension

What is the biggest risk to hypertension?

A

CVA - cerebrokvacular accident (stroke)
- directly related to pressure

24
Q

Hypertension

Give examples of endocrine tumours that cause hypertension

A
  1. Cushing’s syndrome - release of cortisol
  2. Conn’s syndrome - release of aldosterone
  3. Pheochromocytoma - release of adrenaline
25
Q

Hypertension

Which investgations should be carried out if necessary fro an abnormal hypertension patient (eg. young etc)

A
  • Serum (mlood) biochemistry and serum lipid (electrolyte content)
  • Urinalysis (electrolyte content)
  • ECG
  • Occasionally, renal ultrasounds and angiographies
26
Q

Hypertension

Which drugs can be administered to treat hypertension?

A
  • Diuretic
  • Beta blocker
  • calcim channel antagonist
  • ACE inhibitor
27
Q

Hypertension

Which drug that may be used to treat hypertension has a side effect of ginigval hyperplasia

A

Calcium channel blocker

28
Q

Heart Valve Disease

What is Valve Stenosis and Valve Incompetence?

A

Valve Stenosis: Narrowing of valve opening
Valve Incompetence: Valve unable to shut properly

29
Q

Heart Valve Disease

Whihc valves are most likely to have problems?

A

Those under higher pressure
- mitral valve
- aortic valve
(Left valves)

30
Q

Heart Valve Disease

What may cause Valve disease?

A
  • Congenital Abnormality
  • MI (papillary muscle rupture)
  • Rheumatic Fever (causes damage to heart valves)
  • Dilatation of the aortic root (aortic valve cusps no longer meet)
31
Q

Heart Valve Disease

What is the best method to investigate valve disease?

A

Doppler ultrasound

32
Q

Heart Valve Disease

What are the two types of prosthetic valves

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Biological
33
Q

Heart valve disease

How does a metal prosthetic valve relate to dentistry?

A
  • Patient will be on warfarin (anitcoagulant)
  • Will need to modify medication if patient needs an extraction
34
Q

Heart Valve Disease

  1. A patient with a prosthetic heart valve has a higher risk of developing which disease?
  2. What is usually given to prevent this disease?
A
  1. Endocarditis
  2. Antibiotics Prophylaxis
35
Q

Cardiac Arrhythmias

What are Cardiac Arrhythmias?

A

Disorders of the heart

36
Q

Cardiac Arrhythmias

What is the difference between tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias?

A

Tachyarrhythmias (FAST)
- atrial fibrilation
- ventricular tachycardia
- heart rate increases
- slow heart by using beta blocker

Bradyarrhythmias (SLOW)
- heart block
- drug induced (digoxin and beta blocker)

37
Q

Cardiac Arrhythmias

What is atrial tachyarryhthmia?

A
  • Narrow QRS on ECG
  • Atrial fibrillation
  • Irregular pulse
38
Q

Cardiac Arrhythmias

What is Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia?

A
  • Broad QRS on ECG
  • Can lead to ventricular fibrillation and death
39
Q

Cardiac Arrhythmias

How does electrical interference of cardiac pacemakers link to dental treatment?

A
  • If a pacemaker detects an abnormal signal the circuit will shut down
  • Electrical equipment used in dentistry suucuh as induction scalers can cause strong electromagnetic fields which may interfere with the pacemaker
40
Q

Congenital Defects

What are the most common congenital heart defects?

A
  • atrial septal defects
  • ventricular septal defects
  • patent ductus arteriosus
  • great vessel malformations
41
Q

Congenital Heart Disease

What is finger clubbing associated with?

A
  • Cardiac disease
  • Lung disease
  • IBS
  • Liver cirrhosis
42
Q

Congenital Heart Disease

What is Cyanosis?

A

increase of deoxygenated haemoglobin in the blood

43
Q

Endocarditis

A

BDS2 BAMS Disease of Human System (4 decks)

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