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Physio lecture > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

_____Receive and send informatioin. Communicates and controls.

Works with ___ system to regulate and maintain homeostasis

Communicate by means of electrical signals (___, ___)

A

Nervous system

Endocrine system

Rapid, Specific

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2
Q

Parts of the nervous system (4)

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Ganglia

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3
Q

Information processing (5)

A

Sensor
Sensory input (PNS)
Integration (CNS)
Motor Output (PNS)
Effector

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4
Q

Supporting cells are known as GLIAL cells

NEUROGLIA IN THE CNS

____ scavenger cells that resemble tissue macrophages. Removes debris resulting from injury infection and disease. Uses phagocytosis

____ Resemble stars. Their threadlike branches attach to neurons and to small blood vessels holding both structures together

___ Form a two-layer structure called the ____ (BBB) It protects brain from harmful chemicals that might be found in the blood

____ Wrap and insulate with myelin sheath

____ Line cavities in the brain and spinal cord> Create, secrete, circulate cerebrospinal fluid

A

NEUROGLIA IN THE CNS

Microglia

Astrocytes

Astrocyte branches
Blood Brain Barrier

Oligodendrites

Ependymal cells

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5
Q

NEUROGLIA IN THE PNS

____ Insulate, help form a myelin sheath as well but in the PNS. They are also called ____

____ Surround neuron cell bodies and regulate the chemical environment

A

Schwann cells
Neurolemmocytes

Satellite cells

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6
Q

Form the myelin sheath around the axon (2)

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

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7
Q

The nodes of the axons in between myelin sheaths are called the ____

Allows for travel to be faster since action potentials only have to occur at these sites

A

nodes of ranvier

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8
Q

Diseases of Nervous tissue:

_____Autoimmune disease triggered by a virus

The ___ and ____ of the CNS deteriorate and are replaced by scar tissue

____ are severed

occur between 20-40 yrs old usually

This causes a loss of impulse conduction

A

Multiple sclerosis

Oligodendrocytes
Myelin sheaths

Nerve fibers

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9
Q

Diseases of Nervous tissue:

Common symptoms of multiple sclerosis (4)

Normal conduction of action potential relies on the insulating properties of myelin. Thus, it causes these neurological consequences

A

visual problems
muscle weakness
clumsiness
eventual paralysis

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10
Q

Diseases of Nervous tissue:

____ Hereditary disorder seen in infants of ____ ancestry. Causes neuronal degradation and demyelination. Usually has a “Cherry red spot” in the ___ of the eye and narrowing of blood vessels.

The gene affected is the ___

It has a deficiency in ____

It is the accumulation of ____ in the myelin sheath which causes the disruption of signals

Symptoms appear before 1 yrs old and death by 3 or 4

A

Tay-Sachs disease

Eastern European Jewish Ancestry
Macula

HEXA gene

beta-Hexosaminidase A

Glycolipid (GM2)

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11
Q

Diseases of Nervous tissue:

Common symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease (6)

A

Blindness

Loss of Coordination

Dementia

Macrocephaly

Hypotony

Convulsions

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12
Q

_____ Fundamental unit of the nervous system specialized to transmit information to different parts of the body

Has extreme longevity

They are ___ so they can’t divide

It has a high metabolic rate so it needs ___ and ___

A

Neurons

Amitotic

Glucose and Oxygen

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13
Q

Elements of Basic Life Support:

Cardiac Irritability

Brain damage not Likely

Brain damage possible

Brain damage very likely

Irreversible brain damage

A

0 to 1 minute

0 to 4 minutes
Brain damage not likely

4 to 6 minutes
Brain damage possible

Brain damage very likely
6 to 10 minutes

Beyond 10 mins

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14
Q

Dissolution of Nissl bodies and is part of a neuron’s regenerative response. The regeneration of an Axon.

It is the reinnervation of a target like a muscle

A

Chromatolysis and Wallerian degeneration

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15
Q

Neurons:

  1. Main metabolic and genetic center of the neuron.

Neuron receives synaptic input from other neuron

2.Main direct recipients of signals from other neurons. Accounts for 90% of the surface area available for synaptic contact

  1. Conveys the output of the cell to other neurons
A
  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
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16
Q

Three functional components of neurons

____ Cell Body + Dendrites

_____ Axon hillock, node of ranvier, schwann cells

_____ Terminal buttons

A

Input region

Conduction component

Secretory

17
Q

____ always release neurotransmitter that excites ____

Some ____ excites/inhibits the ____
This includes the neurotransmitters (2)

A

Sensory neurons
Postsynaptic neuron

Interneurons
Postsynaptic neuron

Excitatory neurotransmitters
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

18
Q

_____
Increase postsynaptic membrane permeability to Na+
_____ is reached for message to be sent

_____
Decrease permeability to Na+
Decrease chance the nerve impulse will occur usually with influx of ___

A

Excitatory Neurotransmitters
Threshold

Inhibitory neurotransmitter
Cl-

19
Q

Structural classification of neurons

A. Dendrite, Axon Cell Body

B. DendriteS, Cell body, Axon

C. Axon to skin and muscle, cell body, central axon, axon terminals

D. Others (3)

A

Unipolar cell
Invertebrate neuron

Bipolar cell
Retina cell

Pseudo-unipolar cell
Ganglion cell of dorsal root

D.
Motor neuron

Pramidal cell

Pukinje cell of cerebellum

20
Q

Functional Classification of Neurons

____ Carry impulse from sense organs to CNS

____ Connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulse

____Convey impulses (motor output) from CNS to effector cells (muscles and glands)

A

Sensory neurons

Interneurons

Motor neurons

21
Q

____ Is the generation and conduction of Action potentials

Neurons are highly ____

Neurons contain ____ that open or close in response to stimuli

Types of channels in general (2)

A

Neurophysiology

Irritable

Gated ion channels

Passive/Leakage channels

Active/gated channels

22
Q

Type of gated channels and their subtypes (4)

Neurotransmitter needed

Membrane voltage changes internally and externally

special kind with a specific ____-gated channel that can be external or internal

Sometimes it is just ____-gated

A

Chemically gated channel

Voltage-gated ion channel

Ligand-gated ion channel

Mechanically gated ion channel

23
Q

Although the body is neutral, what causes the small differences in electric charge between inside and outside of cell membranes?

What is this difference of charge called?
How is it measured?
For cells?

Resting cells have a potential difference of ____ to ____
Muscle and nerve has ____ to ___
The average is ____

A

differences in + and - ions in and out of cell membrane

Potential (stored energy)
Voltage
Millivolts 0.001 V

-50 to -200 mV
-40 to -90 mV
-70 mV

24
Q

Ion that usually stays outside of the cell ___

Ion that usually stays inside the cell ___

Ion that holds a negative charge ___

Within the cell and holds a negative charge ___

A

Na+

K+

Cl-

Protein -

25
Q

Resting membrane potential is in a ____ state

3 Major processes of Resting Membrane Potential

  1. Different kinds and ___ of ions inside and outside cell membranes.
    In this case, there are more ____ ions inside the cells especially cause of ____ these ions cant cross the membrane
A

polarized

concentrations
negative ions
protein

26
Q

3 Major processes of Resting Membrane Potential

  1. The different ____ of the plasma membrane to ____ and ___ ions through ___ diffusion via the ____ down the concentration gradient

However it still favors ___

A

Permeability

Potassium and sodium

Facilitated diffusion via Leakage channels

K+ ion

27
Q

3 Major processes of Resting Membrane Potential

The operation of the ____ pump

A

Sodium-potassium pump

Physio lecture (24 decks)

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