Cell Structures

Question 1

Passive Transport

Answer 1

Takes no energy, random movement along gradient, diffusion/osmosis/facilitated diffusion

Question 2

Osmosis

Answer 2

Movement of water through semi-permeable membrane along gradient

Question 3

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 3

Movement of molecules along their gradient through proteins (polar/big molecules). Can change shape ex. GLUT

Question 4

Hypertonic

Answer 4

External solution that has a high solute concentration and low water concentration (cell shrivels)

Question 5

Isotonic

Answer 5

External solution has equal solute and water concentration (cell is stable)

Question 6

Hypotonic

Answer 6

External solution that has a low solute concentration and high water concentration (cell grows/explodes)

Question 7

Active transport

Answer 7

Requires energy to move against gradient (ex. Sodium potassium pump)

Question 8

Endocytosis

Answer 8

Cell bringing in a large amount of materials by surrounding it in membrane, using energy (active transport)

Question 9

Exocytosis

Answer 9

Cell letting out a large amount of materials using energy (active transport)

Question 10

Mitochondria

Answer 10

Produces energy (ATP)
Has an outer membrane and inner membrane
Inner membrane has folds called cristae
More surface area = more efficient
Space between inner folds and outer membrane is called inner membrane space for protons to recharge ATP

Question 11

Ribosomes

Answer 11

Made of proteins and rRNA
Made in the nucleolus
Produces proteins, large subsection (tRNA) small subsection, mRNA in between
Found in the Rough ER or cytoplasm
Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells have different ones

Question 12

Nucleolus

Answer 12

Section of the nucleus where all the DNA that codes for ribosomes is kept
Compressed in one area
Ribosomes synthesized

Question 13

Nucleus

Answer 13

Where DNA is held inside of a porous membrane
The rough ER is connected to the nucleus
One of the first discovered

Question 14

Cytoskeleton

Answer 14

Pillars = Microtubules (tubulin) for compressional support
Wires = Microfilaments for tensional support

Question 15

Cell Membrane/plasma membrane

Answer 15

Phospholipid bilayer: hydrolipidic phosphate head, hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail
Polar outside, non-polar inside
Selective permeability - Non-polar/small molecules
Proteins - channels for polar/large molecules
Cholesterol to keep together
Fluid mosaic model
Intermolecular bonds
Electrical field (store energy)
Signal transduction

Question 16

Cell Wall

Answer 16

Extra support/protection/selective permeability in plants (cellulose), prokaryotic cells (peptidoglycan) and fungi (chitin)

Question 17

Cytosol

Answer 17

Dissolved material inside the cell
Concentration gradient

Question 18

Lysosome

Answer 18

Membrane bound digestive enzymes used to break down materials
Can move around or use transport vesicles
Can kill the cell (apoptosis)
Used in antibody cells (endocytosis)

Question 19

Centriole

Answer 19

Determines locations of organelles
Used in spindle creation during mitosis
Not found in plants
Found inside the centrosome

Question 20

Vesicle

Answer 20

Membrane bound container
Used for transporting/storing materials
Vacuole

Question 21

Vacuole

Answer 21

Used to store water in plants and bacteria
Can have color or toxins
Important for rigidity/structure of cell
Outside is called tonoplast
We have small vacuoles used in endo/exocytosis
Some protists have contractile vacuoles

Question 22

Golgi body/apparatus/complex

Answer 22

Shipping, takes materials around and out of cell
Ex. proteins

Question 23

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 23

Used to synthesize proteins
Ribosomes found on it
Connected to the nucleus

Question 24

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 24

Used to create lipids (cholesterol)
Important in detoxifying ex. alcohol (creation of more)

Question 25

Fluid Mosaic Model

Answer 25

Membrane is fluid (intermolecular bonds, cholesterol)
Made of parts (phospholipid bilayer, proteins etc.)

Question 26

Function of membrane parts

Answer 26

• Cholesterol: Keeps phospholipids from getting too close or too far apart
• Glycoprotein: Identification; Example: antibody
• Glycolipid: Signaling
• Channel Protein: transportation