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Anatomy1 > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Monomer

A

Single units that make up biological molecules

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2
Q

Polymer

A

Chain of monomers

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3
Q

Proteins

A

Made of amino acids
Make up most of the body
4 main structures

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4
Q

Amino Acids

A

20 types
Differentiated by the R-groups
Form peptide bods to create polypeptides
Amino-R group-Carboxylic Acid

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5
Q

Hydrogen Bonding

A

Polar bonds between Hydrogen and Oxygen, Nitrogen or Fluorine
Responsible for properties of water

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6
Q

Cohesion

A

Ability of water to stick together, surface tension

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7
Q

Base

A

Solution with pH >7, more OH- ions

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8
Q

Buffer

A

Solution of water, a certain concentration of acid and same concentration of conjugate base. Ex. Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate buffer

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9
Q

Lipid

A

Monomers with hydrocarbon tails that store energy
Saturated: No double bond, straight, solid
Unsaturated: Double bond, bent, liquid

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10
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Genetic Material made of nucleotides
Includes phosphate group, sugar and nitrogenous base

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11
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Made of sugars
Sugars differ depending on the placement of the hydroxyl group
Used as energy
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Glucose, cellulose, glycogen

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12
Q

Polar

A

Uneven charges due to electronegativity

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13
Q

Neutral

A

Solution w/ pH of 7

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14
Q

DNA

A

Genetic material

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15
Q

RNA

A

Single strand, Uracil, used for protein synthesis

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16
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Bringing together 2 molecules, creating a water molecule

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17
Q

Capillary Action

A

The ability of water to move up inside small tubes due to surface tension and interaction with polar surfaces

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18
Q

High Specific Heat Capacity

A

Takes a lot of energy to heat up water

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19
Q

Solvent

A

what the solute is dissolved into

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20
Q

ATP

A

energy currency, adenosine triphosphate
Releases last phosphate to release energy, creates ADP

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21
Q

pH

A

Concentration of H+. <7 acidic
7 neutral
>7 basic

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22
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds DNA to begin replication
Starts at origin of replication
Is at fork of replication

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23
Q

Primase

A

Lays down RNA primers which signal DNA polymerase to begin replication
Lays more down on lagging strand

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24
Q

RNA primase

A

Similar to Primase
Longer RNA primer, different template

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25
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Replicates the DNA
Reads from 3-5, creates from 5-3
Uses phosphodiester bonds, pyrophosphate as a byproduct

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26
Q

3’ end

A

End with the 3 carbon

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27
Q

5’ end

A

End with the 5 carbon

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28
Q

Replication

A

Process of DNA being copied, semi-conservative

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29
Q

Guanine

A

Purine, pairs with Cytosine

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30
Q

Cytosine

A

Pyrimidine, pairs with Guanine

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31
Q

Gene

A

Sequence of DNA that codes for something, some code for proteins

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32
Q

mRNA

A

Carry codons to ribosomes for protein synthesis

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33
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of 3 nucleotides which code for an amino acid, found on mRNA

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34
Q

Initiation

A

First step in RNA synthesis
Initiation factors find promoter region to signal RNA polymerase

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35
Q

Helix

A

Curl/spiral found in DNA and RNA
DNA is a Double helix

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36
Q

Semi-conservative

A

In DNA replication, one strand is the original and the other is a new one. So, it is semi-conservative because it uses one of the original strands

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37
Q

Parent Strand

A

The original strand being used as a template

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38
Q

Daughter Strand

A

The new, complementary strand

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39
Q

Leading Strand

A

The strand created continuously because it runs in the 3-5 direction

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40
Q

Lagging Strand

A

Created in pieces because it runs in the 5-3 direction and the DNA polymerase must go back and create it in fragments

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41
Q

Origin of Replication

A

Place where Helicase binds and begins unwinding

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42
Q

Adenine

A

Purine, binds with Thymine or Uracil

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43
Q

Thymine

A

Pyrimidine, binds with adenosine

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44
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic expression of traits

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45
Q

tRNA

A

has anticodons and amino acids that it adds to the polypeptide chain inside the ribosome

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46
Q

Promoter Region

A

The sequence of nucleotides that signals the start of RNA synthesis. Has a common sequence called the consensus sequence

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47
Q

Elongation

A

Second stage of RNA synthesis
DNA strand is template/antisense strand
other is coding strand/sense

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48
Q

DNA

A
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49
Q

Nucleotides

A

Building block of DNA
Phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose/ribose), nitrogenous base

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50
Q

Purine

A

Nitrogenous base with 2 rings

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51
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Nitrogenous base with 1 ring

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52
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

Bonds that hold together the spine of DNA between phosphate groups and sugars.

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53
Q

DNA Gyrase

A

Creates negative supercoils to counteract the positive supercoils that are created when unwinding DNA

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54
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

The pieces through which the lagging strand is created

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55
Q

DNA ligase

A

Connects the Okazaki fragments

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56
Q

Uracil

A

Replacement for Thymine in RNA, pyrimidine

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57
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical representation of traits

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58
Q

rRNA

A

Makes up ribosomes along with proteins

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59
Q

Initiation factors

A

Move along DNA from Initiation point to find promoter region and signal RNA polymerase

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60
Q

Termination

A

The last part of RNA synthesis
RNA Polymerase reaches the termination sequence

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61
Q

Celera

A

Company that was rivaling the scientists in the Human Genome project
Said they could do it faster and cheaper
Used more inaccurate methods

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62
Q

Human Genome Project

A

Groups of scientists worldwide collaborated to sequence the first human genome

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63
Q

Cloning

A

Exact replication of DNA or an organism

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64
Q

GATTACA

A

Sci-Fi movie about DNA, and a man faking an identity using DNA

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65
Q

Biotechnology

A

Technology that uses biology to create products/machines

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66
Q

Genome

A

All genes in the human body

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67
Q

Sequencing

A

Process of creating a map of nucleotides in the correct order

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68
Q

CRISPR

A

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
Used by bacteria as immune system
Used in gene editing

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69
Q

Gene Editing

A

Process of adding/removing certain genes to have a specific outcome using CRISPR

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70
Q

Ethics

A

Moral principals

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71
Q

Bioethics

A

Moral principles about biology, especially gene editing

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72
Q

Next-generation

A

Latest form of a product/technology

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73
Q

Disease

A

Condition that negatively affects an organism

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74
Q

Gene Therapy

A

Using CRISPR and gene editing to help treat genetic diseases
Controversial due to possible side effects

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75
Q

Metabolism

A

Process of breaking down nutrients/energy and turning them into what is useful for the body.

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76
Q

Radiation

A

Energy that comes from the sun, plants use it

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77
Q

Glucose

A

The main source of energy in the body, monosaccharide

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78
Q

Active Site

A

Site on enzymes where the substrate binds to
Has the same or a similar shape

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79
Q

Inhibition

A

Stopping enzymes from functioning
Reversible: Competitive, Noncompetitive/allosteric, Uncompetitive

80
Q

Allosteric Inhibition

A

inhibitor binds to allosteric site, changes shape of active site

81
Q

Lock and Key model

A

Active site is perfect shape of substrate

82
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down

83
Q

Photosynthesis

A
84
Q

Substrate

A
85
Q

Activation energy

A
86
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A
87
Q

Induced Fit

A
88
Q

Lactase

A
89
Q

Anabolism

A

Break down

90
Q

Cellulose

A

Beta glycosidic bonds

91
Q

Activation

A

Adding Cofactors to enzymes to activate them

92
Q

Cofactor

A

Inorganic molecules that activate enzymes

93
Q

Coenzyme

A

Organic activator, vitamin derivative
Prosthetic: tightly held, does not need to be regenerated
Cosubstrate: loosely held, needs to be regenerated

94
Q

Denature

A

Proteins are broken due to high temps or high pH

95
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein involved in metabolism usually ends with -ase. Lactase, Catalase

96
Q

Organelles

A
97
Q

Nucleus

A
98
Q

Golgi body

A

Shipping

99
Q

Vacuole

A

Plants/bacteria holds water, tonoplast outside

100
Q

Cell membrane

A
101
Q

Selective Permeability

A
102
Q

Diffusion

A
103
Q

Osmosis

A
104
Q

Endocytosis

A
105
Q

Surface Area vs Volume

A
106
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
107
Q

Lysosome

A
108
Q

Cell Wall

A
109
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

bacteria wall material

110
Q

Active Transport

A
111
Q

Passive Transport

A
112
Q

Exocytosis

A
113
Q

Cell

A
114
Q

Mitochondria

A
115
Q

Ribosome

A
116
Q

Plasma membrane

A
117
Q

Phospholipid Bi-layer

A
118
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A
119
Q

Cholesterol

A
120
Q

ATP

A
121
Q

Facilitated transport

A
122
Q

Homeostasis

A
123
Q

Ectotherm

A
124
Q

Endotherm

A
125
Q

Osmolarity

A
126
Q

Hypertonic

A
127
Q

Hypotonic

A
128
Q

Target Setpoint

A
129
Q

Amplification

A
130
Q

Hypothalamus

A
131
Q

Vein

A
132
Q

Receptors

A
133
Q

Regulation

A
134
Q

Feedback

A
135
Q

Capillaries

A
136
Q

Artery

A
137
Q

Blood Glucose

A
138
Q

Insulin

A
139
Q

Organ Systems

A
140
Q

Nervous System

A
141
Q

Circulatory System

A
142
Q

Respiratory System

A
143
Q

Digestive System

A
144
Q

Excretory System

A
145
Q

Endocrine System

A
146
Q

Reproductive System

A
147
Q

Immune System

A
148
Q

Mouth

A
149
Q

Esophagus

A
150
Q

Stomach

A
151
Q

Small Intestine

A
152
Q

Glands

A
153
Q

Hormones

A
154
Q

Antibodies

A
155
Q

Antigens

A
156
Q

Specific/Non-specific Immune Response

A
157
Q

Brain

A
158
Q

Central Nervous System

A
159
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
160
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
161
Q

Neuron

A
162
Q

Ganglia

A
163
Q

Oxygen

A
164
Q

Trachea

A
165
Q

Bronchus

A
166
Q

Bronchiole

A
167
Q

Alveoli

A
168
Q

Kidney

A
169
Q

Nephron

A
170
Q

Ureter

A
171
Q

Urethra

A
172
Q

Urine

A
173
Q

Innate Immunity

A
174
Q

Acquired immunity

A
175
Q

Haploid

A
176
Q

Zygote

A
177
Q

Heart

A
178
Q

Blood

A
179
Q

Artery

A
180
Q

Oxygenated

A
181
Q

Deoxygenated

A
182
Q

Plasma

A
183
Q

Leukocytes

A
184
Q

Erythrocytes

A
185
Q

Hydrolysis

A
186
Q

Break Down

A
187
Q

Mechanical/Chemical Digestion

A
188
Q

Sperm

A
189
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
190
Q

Egg

A
191
Q

Testes

A
192
Q

Vagina

A
193
Q

Uterus

A
194
Q

Cervix

A
195
Q

Lungs

A
196
Q

Fertilization

A
197
Q

Large intestine

A

Anatomy1 (10 decks)

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