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General Veterinary Pharmacology > Autonomic Pharmacology > Flashcards

Autonomic Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Drug affecting the ____________ either stimulate or inhibit the parasympathetic of sympathetic components

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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2
Q

Parasympathetic is equal to?

A

Cholinergic

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3
Q

Sympathetic is equal to?

A

Adrenergic

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4
Q

The predominance of one division over the other

A

state of tomus

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5
Q

maintains systemic blood pressure

A

sympathetic tone

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6
Q

maintains gut motility

A

parasympathetic tone

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7
Q

the major neurotransmitter at the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division

A

norepinephrine

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8
Q

postganglionic fibers are called?

A

adrenergic fibers

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9
Q

norepinephrine is also called?

A

noradrenaline

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10
Q

_____________ is the transmitter released at the peripheral motor portions of the autonomic nervous system and the fibers are called ___________.

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

cholinergic fibers

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11
Q

is not used in clinical therapeutics

A

Ach

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12
Q

Reasons in which Ach is not used in clinical therapeutics.

A
  1. administration, causes too generalized but transient effect
  2. so readily hydrolyzed by plasma cholinesterase, cannot be detected in the plasma following absorption
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13
Q

include effects of acetylcholine on glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles

A

muscaranic effects

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14
Q

include the action of acetylcholine of the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia and the neuroeffector junctions

A

nicotinic effects

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15
Q

increased skeletal muscle concentration

A

neuroeffector junctions

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16
Q

a poisonous substance in certain species of mushrooms

A

muscarine

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17
Q

a substance derived from tobacco

A

nicotine

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18
Q

cholinergic drugs are also called?

A

parasympathomimetic or cholinomimetics

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19
Q

Directly acting cholinergics

A

✓ methacholine
✓ carbachol
✓ betanechol
✓ muscarine
✓ pilocarpine
✓ arecoline

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20
Q

indirect acting cholinergics (cholinesterase inhibitors)

A

✓ physostigmine
✓ neostigmine
✓ endrophonium
✓ pyridostigmine
✓ organophosphates
✓ carbamates like carbaryl and propoxour

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21
Q

Anticholinergics are also called?

A

parasympatholytics

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22
Q

Examples of anticholinergics

A

✓ atropine
✓ scopolamine
✓ glycopyrrolate

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23
Q

present in postsynaptic fibers

A

a1

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24
Q

present in both pre and post synaptic fibers

A

a2

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25
Q

chiefly in the heart

A

B1

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26
Q

in blood vessels, bronchi, etc.

A

B2

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27
Q

Classification of adrenergic receptors

A

✓ alpha adrenergic
✓ beta adrenergic
✓ dopaminergic

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28
Q

Blockage of cholinesterase action result in?

A

accumulation of Ach

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29
Q

Clinical Signs in Accumulation of Ach

A
  1. Muscarinic Signs
  2. Nicotinic Signs
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30
Q

Muscarinic Signs

A

✓ colic
✓ diarrhea
✓ dyspnea
✓ hypotension
✓ miosis
✓ excessive secretions

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31
Q

Nicotinic Signs

A

✓ muscle tremors than paralysis
✓ convulsions
✓ mania then coma

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32
Q

acting adrenergic (symphatomimetic) drugs include?

A
  1. epinephrine
  2. norepinephrine
  3. phenylephrine
  4. isoproterenol
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33
Q

stimulates both alpha and beta receptors

A

epinephrine (adrenaline)

34
Q

mainly an alpha stimulant

A

norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

35
Q

apha stimulant

A

phenylephrine

36
Q

beta stimulant

A

isoproterenol

37
Q

a2 stimulants

A

xylazine, medetomidine

38
Q

B1 stimulant

A

Dopamine

39
Q

Components of nasal decongestant or ophthalmic vasoconstrictors:

A

naphazolene, tetrahydrozoline, phenylpropanolamine

40
Q

Mixed acting Adrenergic drugs include;

A

✓ amphetamine
✓ Methamphetamine
✓ Ephedrine
✓ Pseudoephedrine
✓ Hydroxyamphetamine

41
Q

Clinical uses of sympathomimetic

A
  1. adjunct to local anesthesia
  2. hemostatic
  3. mydriatic
  4. anaphylactic reactions
  5. bronchodilator
  6. local skin allergy
  7. decongestant
  8. cardiac arrest
  9. hypertensive condition
42
Q

alpha adrenergic blockers;

A
  1. ergot alkaloids
  2. phenothiazine and butyrophenone tranquilizers
  3. tolazolinr, atipamezole, and yohimbine
  4. prazosin
43
Q

are still best for shock

A

corticosteroids

44
Q

it overcome the effect of excessive epinephrine by?

A

catecholamine secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla

45
Q

Clinical uses for beta adrenergic blockers include;

A
  1. hypertension in humans
  2. reversing digitals-induced arrhythmias
  3. treatment of obstructive cardiomyopathy
  4. block the effect of excessive epinephrine in phaeochromocytoma
46
Q

a rare disease on dogs and cats

A

obstructive cardiomyopathy

47
Q

is the drug of choice to relieve symptoms of an acute hypersensitivity reaction to allergens

A

epinephrine

48
Q

rapidly relieves itching and urticaria and may have save the life of the patient when laryngeal edema threatens suffocation

A

subcutaneous

49
Q

is responsive to antihistamines

A

angioedema

50
Q

necessary in the event of a severe reaction

A

epinephrine

51
Q

secretes epinephrine in response to administration of nicotine

A

adrenal medulla

52
Q

the ganglionic mediator of both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves.

A

acetylcholine

53
Q

as a modified sympathetic ganglion response to acetylcholine

A

adrenal medulla

54
Q

inhibit postsynaptic membrane depolarization

A

✓ atropine
✓ tubocurarine
✓ succinylcholine

55
Q

how many percent of the total serotonin in the mammalian body?

A

2%

56
Q

total serotonin in the mammalian body is located with the CNS, especially in what location?

A

pineal gland and hypothalamus

57
Q

the enterochromaffin of the intestine contain about how many percent?

A

90%

58
Q

endogenously produced amine chemically known?

A

5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

59
Q

enterochromaffin cells resulted in the naming of the amine as?

A

serotonin and enteramine

60
Q

catecholamines exert several metabolic effects, including?

A

hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia

61
Q

caused by inhibition of glucose synthase, which uses GLUCOSE to make GLYCOGEN

A

hyperglycemia

62
Q

which converts glycogen back to glucose

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase

63
Q

beta receptor stimulation releases?

A

insulin

64
Q

stimulation releases insulin

A

beta receptor

65
Q

the predominant effect of catecholamines is to inhibit insulin release through?

A

alpha receptors

66
Q

are irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors

A

organophosphates (OP)

67
Q

Some deadly gases of Ops

A

✓ Disoproylfluorophosphate (DFP)
✓ Triorthocresylphosphate (TOCP)
✓ sarin

68
Q

most important antidote to the effects of OP

A

atropine

69
Q

blocks the muscarinic but not the nicotic effects

A

atropine

70
Q

clinically useful only during the early stages of poisoning

A

Pralidoxime (2-PAM)

71
Q

should not be given to animals poisoned with OP

A

Phenothiazine tranquilizers and opiates

72
Q

what animals are especially resistant to the effects to atropine necause of the presence of a high concentration of atropinase.

A

goats and rabbits

73
Q

most animals metabolize?

A

atropine

74
Q

an animals that are also quite resistant to orally administered atropine, but may be responsive to parenteral administration

A

Horses and Cattle

75
Q

Are animals that are sensitive to either oral or parenteral atropine

A

pigs, dogs and cats

76
Q

drug of choice for leptospirosis

A

Doxycycline

77
Q

most common anesthetic

A

xylazine

78
Q

local anesthetic

A

xylazine and lidocaine

79
Q

medical term of intense itching

A

pruritus

80
Q
  • test tube like with different cap color
  • blood extract
A

vaccutainer

81
Q

Brand name of antihistamine

A

cetirizine

82
Q

used before zolitel

A

tetamine

General Veterinary Pharmacology (15 decks)

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