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neurobiology > lecture 10: limbic system > Flashcards

lecture 10: limbic system Flashcards

1
Q

limbic lobe is a ______ structure that forms a ______ boundary when including the __________

A

cortical
circular
olfactory bulb & tract

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2
Q

limbic lobe does not share a boundary with which lobe?

A

occipital

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3
Q

what are 3 main structures of the limbic lobe?

A
  • cingulate gyrus: ant & post
  • parahippocampal gyrus: entorhinal cortex
  • uncus: piriform cortex – primary olfactory cortex
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4
Q

the piriform cortex used to be called the __________ because it was thought that it played a role with the olfactory area but now it was found it doesn’t anymore

A

rhinencephalon

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5
Q

what structure is directly related to the limbic system but is not classified as part of the limbic system?

A

cerebellum

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6
Q

true or false. we still use the Papez circuit to define the functions of the limbic system

A

false –> more things added to it. now called the spiral model

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7
Q

what is emotion?

A

integrated physiological changes, behavioral reactions and feelings

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8
Q

what are the two theories of emotion classification?
1) distinct _____ basic emotions
2) _______ with arousal level w/ neg. to post. valence –> aka you never have ________ emotion

A

1) 6
2) spectrum ; neutral

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9
Q

the hypothalamus forms the ________ wall of the _____ ventricle
it is located _______ to optic chiasm

A

anterolateral ; 3rd
superior

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10
Q

life and death functions of the hypothalamus:

A
  • homeostasis/initiation of drives (individual survival)
  • reproduction (species survival)
  • bridging endocrine and nervous systems
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11
Q

function of the 6 hypothalamic nuclei:
1. lateral nucleus:
2. ventromedial nucleus
3. posterior nucleus
4. anterior nucleus
5. paraventricular nucleus
6. supraoptic nucleus

A
  1. hunger center
  2. satiety center
  3. heating center
  4. cooling center
  5. produces oxytocin
  6. produces vasopressin ADH
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12
Q

neurohypophysis:
- location:
- developed from:
- stores & releases which two hormones?
- functions of these two collectively:

A
  • posterior pituitary
  • diencephalon
  • oxytocin (myometrium contraction & breast smooth muscle) AND ADH (water absorption & increase BP)
  • mating, bonding, brain development
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13
Q

adenohypophysis:
- location:
- developed from:
- what carries hormones to adenohypophysis?
- which hormones are released to the adenohypophysis?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • posterior oral cavity (Rathke pouch)
  • hypophysial portal vein
  • thyrotropin-releasing, growth hormone-releasing, growth hormone release-inhibiting, corticotropin-releasing, gonadotropin-releasing, prolactin-releasing
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14
Q

temperature regulation reflex (intrinsic):
- specialized _______ neurons in hypothalamus
- normal blood temp. setpoint:
- when blood flows through the neurons & temp is detected, if the temp is lower than the setpoint, what is activated?
- when blood flows through the neurons & temp is detected, if the temp is higher than the setpoint, what is activated?
- rostral (ant.) hypothalamus function:
- caudal (post) hypothalamus function:

A
  • temp-sensing
  • 37 deg C
  • posterior nucleus (increase heat)
  • anterior nucleus (sweat to decrease heat)
  • heat dissipation (cool)
  • heat conservation/production (heat)
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15
Q

what is happening when our body produces a fever?

A

cytokines/bacterial endotoxin increases the body temp past the setpoint –> increased temp will kill viruses

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16
Q

what is happening to women’s bodies in postmenopausal syndrome?

A

irregular body temp setpoint –> setpoint changes due to loss of hormones

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17
Q

water balance reflex (neurohumoral):
- specialized ________ neurons in hypothalamus
- if plasma osmolarity is too high _____
- if plasma osmolarity is too low _____

A
  • osmolarity-sensing
  • increase ADH –> keep more water in
  • decrease ADH –> pee too much
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18
Q

_______ blocks ADH release –> urinates too much

A

alcoholism

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19
Q

not enough ADH is released into the blood in a patient with ________

A

diabetes insipidus –> pee all the time

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20
Q

Baroreceptor reflex (extrinsic):
- maintains:
- afferent signal:
- efferent signal to counteract:
- effect:

A
  • blood pressure
  • baroreceptors in carotid sinus (CN IX) and aortic arch (CN X) (increase BP)
  • CN X
  • decrease HR/BP
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21
Q

what structure can over-ride the baroreceptor reflex? typically needed in fight or flight situations when we need an increase in HR

A

hypothalamus

22
Q

functions of projections of the hypothalamus:
- medial frontal lobe:
- cerebellum:
- fornix –> amygdala:
–> hippocampus:
- thalamus:
- spinal cord/brainstem:

A
  • regulating drives/emotion
  • emotion/motor skill memory –> integration of somatic and visceral motors
  • 1: emotion 2: declarative memory
  • coordination
  • homeostasis and motor execution
23
Q

location of amygdala:
- ______ to inferior horn of lateral ventricle
- ______ to optical tract
- _______ to hippocampus

A
  • medial
  • lateral
  • anteromedial
24
Q

3 clusters of nuclei in amygdala:
- medial
- central
- basolateral

A
  • olfactory tract
  • hypothalamus and brainstem nuclei
  • different cortex region and sensory pathway
25
Q

amygdala function in emotional learning:
- _________ through experienced aversive stimuli directly (touch hot oven)
- video, drawings, warnings
- other emotional learning such as
- memory enhancement effects have direct projection to ______
- memory enhancement effects function:

A
  • fear conditioning
  • learned experience
  • reward-based learning
  • hippocampus
  • improving encoding, prevent extinction
26
Q

fast track pathway:
- sensory signals conducted to the ______
- projects to the _______ then initiates _______
- example?

A

thalamus
amygdala ; motor reflexes
- you see a toy spider (but you think it’s real so you jump real fast)

27
Q

fast track pathway is the _____ alert system
–> includes all ______ modalities

A

1st
sensory

28
Q

cortico-amygdaloid pathway aka _____ pathway
- you generate more information & analyze the situation –> you ____

A

slow
relax

** not only one emotion center or purely emotion of fear

29
Q

nucleus accumbens:
- overall function:
- location
- part of the _____
- function of the shell:
- function of the core:

A
  • major reward center
  • ant. & ventral to the caudate and putamen
  • ventral striatum
  • pleasure
  • want/drive
30
Q

reward seeking pathway:
dopamine from __________ –> nucleus accumbens –> _____ ____ thalamic nuclei –> medial/ventral _______ ______ and anterior ______ ______

A

ventral tegmental area –> N.A –> dorsal medial thalamic nuclei –> med./vent prefrontal cortex and ant. cingulate gyrus

31
Q

aversion pathway:
______ projections from __________ to ___________ and __________

A

direct
ventral tegmental area —> medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus

32
Q

Henry Molaison:
- had several seizures resulting in bilateral temporal lobectomy. what did he lose & function loss?

A

hippocampus, most of amygdala and entorhinal cortex
–> seizure managed but memory is compromised

33
Q

as a result of the temporal lobectomy, Henry also lost some cerebellum. what medication treatment did he take for a while and what negative effect did that have on him?

A
  • phenytoin for seizures
  • resulted in cerebellar atrophy
34
Q

two parts of the hippocampus:
1. dentate gyrus:
–> contains granule cells and _______ which regenerate the granule cells

  1. hippocampus proper (cornu ammonis):
    –> contains ______ cells
A
  • stem neuron cells
  • pyramidal cells
35
Q

main input to hippocampus is from:

main output from hippocampus proper is:

A

entorhinal cortex

fornix

36
Q

which type of amnesia (memory loss)?
- no new memory formed ; can be short period like concussion or forever
- loss of old memory ; generally short period

A
  • anterograde amnesia
  • retrograde amnesia
37
Q

two types of retrograde amnesia:
- loss of more recent memory but intact with much older memory
- damage of midline diencephalic structure, all memories impaired with various degrees

A
  • temporal graded
  • flat gradient
38
Q

how does Alzheimer’s disease relate to amnesia?

A

varies from temporal graded to flat gradient amnesia

39
Q

septal nuclei:
- 2nd location of having _______
- injury to this area causes:

A
  • stem cells –> still only regenerate granule cells
  • flat gradient amnesia
40
Q

Korsakoff’s disease/psychosis:
- alcoholism abolished ______ and resulted in death of _______
- result of this disease:
–> mainly ______ but some _______ amnesia

A
  • VitB1 ; septal nuclei neurons (memory formation)
  • confabulation : anterograde amnesia with old memory mixed up as new memory –> anterograde but some graded retrograde
41
Q

dissociation of memory pathways results in _______.
a person with this (can/cannot) learn motor skills but can’t explain how

A

no more memory formed
can

42
Q

what type of memory?
- limited capacity, temporary storage, new information under encoding, not technically considered short term memory

A

working memory

43
Q

what type of memory?
- related to hippocampus and medial diencephalon, has two parts: episodic and semantic, a type of long-term memory, and functions for storage and retrieval of events, experiences, etc. w/ conscious awareness

A

declarative/explicit

44
Q

what is episodic memory?

A

conscious recollection of personal experience about what/where/when it happened
–> donor and dry lab

45
Q

what is semantic memory?

A

general world knowledge and facts learned
–> lecture

46
Q

what type of memory?
- related to cerebellum/amygdala/basal nuclei and cerebrum, type of long term memory that influences behaviors, skills, etc. without conscious awareness

A

nondeclarative, procedural, implicit

47
Q

learning and storage of memory:
- converting info for storage through short term memory
- consolidation or transformation to long term memory
- recall vs recognition

A
  • encoding
  • storage
  • retrieval
48
Q

principle NO 1 for storage of memory

A

all happens at the same association cortex where 1st time experience and 2nd time of retrieval happens

49
Q

principle NO 2 for storage of memory

A

dissociation of memory –> lose some part of memory

50
Q

true or false. amnesia is a result if ANY one of these steps of memory is impaired.

A

true

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