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Lab Med > Urinalysis & Body Fluids > Flashcards

Urinalysis & Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

what is the average daily output of urine for a health individual?

A

800-2000 mL

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2
Q

increased urine output common seen in DM and Insipidus

A

polyuria

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3
Q

decreased daily urine output seen in kidney disease and end-stage liver failure

A

oliguria

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4
Q

complete cessation in urine flow

A

anuria

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5
Q

frequent urination at night

A

nocturia

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6
Q

when is a urine test performed after the specimen has been collected?

A

room temp, within 2 hours

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7
Q

what does a large amount of yellow foam in urine indicate?

A

bilirubin

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8
Q

what does dark urine indicate? (2)

A

concentrated urine
dehydration

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9
Q

what does amber urine indicate? (2)

A

concentrated urine
bilirubin

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10
Q

what does bright red urine indicate?

A

hemoglobin
RBCs

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11
Q

what does dark red urine indicate? (2)

A

myoglobin
beets

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12
Q

what does red-purple urine indicate?

A

porphyrins

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13
Q

what does dark brown/black urine indicate?

A

melanin
alkaptonuria

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14
Q

what does green and blue urine indicate? (2)

A

pseudomonas
medications

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15
Q

what does orange urine indicate?

A

phenazopyridine (UTI medication)

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16
Q

what is the normal pH for health fresh voided urine?

A

5-6

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17
Q

what does alkaline urine indicate? (3)

A

UTI
renal disease
vegetarian

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18
Q

what does acidic urine indicate? (4)

A

starvation
diarrhea
diabetes mellitus
respiratory disease

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19
Q

what is measured to determine the state of the kidneys or state of hydration?

A

specific gravity

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20
Q

how relationship does specific gravity have with urine output?

A

inversely proportional

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21
Q

what measurement tells us the amount of dissolved substances in a solution?

A

specific gravity

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22
Q

measure of solute concentration by testing freezing point depression of a solution

A

osmolality

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23
Q

what does increased osmolality indicate? (3)

A

DM
dehydration
addison’s disease

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24
Q

what does decreased osmolality indicate? (3)

A

DI
hydration
pyelonephritis

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25
Q

measured to determine kidney/tubule function and reabsorption

A

protein

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26
Q

what is a protein measurement sensitive and specific to?

A

albumin

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27
Q

testing for conditions of the urinary tract and renal function

A

blood

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28
Q

what could a positive result of blood in the urine indicate? (3)

A

glomerular damage
interstitial nephritis
kidney/bladder infections/disease

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29
Q

what does hemoglobinuria indicate?

A

intravascular hemolysis

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30
Q

transfusion reaction when RBCs lyse and are released into the urine

A

intravascular hemolysis

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31
Q

what does myoglobinuria in urine indicate?

A

rhabdomyolysis

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32
Q

use to detect the presence of nitrite-reducing bacteria

A

nitrite

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33
Q

what is the preferred urine collection to test nitrite?

A

clean catch, first void

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34
Q

how are positive results of nitrite confirmed? (2)

A

urine microscopy
urine culture

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35
Q

use to detect WBCs, specifically neutrophils, being excreted in the urine

A

leukocyte esterase

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36
Q

what does a positive result of leukocyte esterase indicate?

A

pyuria - infection or inflammation anywhere in the GU system

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37
Q

how is a positive leukocyte esterase confirmed?

A

urine microscopy
urine culture

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38
Q

what does a positive nitrite and positive leukocyte esterase indicate?

A

bacterial infection

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39
Q

what could a negative nitrite and positive leukocyte esterase indicate? (4)

A

STI
trichomonas
yeast
virus

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40
Q

what does glucosuria without hyperglycemia indicate?

A

pregnancy
fanconi’s sydrome

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41
Q

what does glucosuria with hyperglycemia indicate? (4)

A

DM
hyperthyroidism
strokes
tumors

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42
Q

what is increased due to DM, starvation, diet, high protein diet, alcoholism, strenuous exercise, pregnancy, or fanconi’s syndrome?

A

ketones

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43
Q

what urine test is an indication of liver function

A

bilirubin

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44
Q

what type of bilirubin can be excreted in the urine?

A

conjugated

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45
Q

what urine test could pick up ANY type of liver disease?

A

urobilinogen

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46
Q

in which 2 conditions is urobilinogen increased?

A

hepatitis
cirrhosis

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47
Q

in which condition is urobilinogen decreased?

A

post-hepatic obstructions

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48
Q

an analysis of the sediment in the urine

A

microscopic analysis

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49
Q

urine under the microscope shows retractile green biconcave disks. what are they?

A

RBCs

50
Q

what do RBCs have to look like to indicate bleeding in the urinary tract?

A

spikey

51
Q

urine under the microscope shows granular cells containing nuclei. what are they?

A

WBCs

52
Q

what does eosinophils in the urine indicate?

A

interstitial nephritis

53
Q

what do squamous epithelial cells in the urine indicate?

A

contamination

54
Q

what do clue cells in the urine indicate?

A

bacterial vaginosis caused by gardnerella vaginalis

55
Q

what do transitional epithelial cells in the urine indicate?

A

damage to the urinary tract

56
Q

what do renal tubular epithelial cells in the urine indicate? (2)

A

renal disease
tubular damage

57
Q

renal epi’s containing lipid globules

A

oval fat bodies

58
Q

what do oval fat bodies in the urine indicate?

A

nephrotic syndrome

59
Q

urine under the microscope shows motile/non-motile green refractile small rods. what are they?

A

bacteria

60
Q

what should we do next if a patient tests positive for bacteria in the urine?

A

urine culture

61
Q

urine under the microscope shows green, refractile, small, ovoid snowmen. what are they?

A

budding yeast

62
Q

urine under the microscope shows long branches with buds. what are they?

A

pseudohyphae

63
Q

what does a positive result of yeast in urine indicate? (3)

A

vaginal contamination
fungal kidney infection
diabetes

64
Q

what should we do next if a patient tests positive for yeast?

A

urine culture

65
Q

urine under the microscope shows flagellated motile protozoa moving in a rapid jerky motion. what are they?

A

trichomonas vaginalis

66
Q

urine under the microscope shows large eggs with terminal spine. what is it?

A

schistosoma haemtobium

67
Q

what infects the urinary bladder and causes bladder cancer?

A

schistosoma haemtobium

68
Q

urine under the microscope shows pinworm eggs. what are they?

A

enterobius vermicularis

69
Q

what kind of infection does enterobius vermicularis cause?

A

perianal infection

70
Q

urine under the microscope shows motile/non-motile oval bodies with a long tail, which may be confused with mucus. what are they?

A

sperm

71
Q

what characteristic in urine can be explained by the presence of sperm?

A

cloudy urine

72
Q

microscopic clusters of particles wrapped in tamm-horsfall protein matrix, formed in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

A

urinary casts

73
Q

what do casts in the urine indicate?

A

upper urinary tract infections (kidney)

74
Q

urine under the microscope shows transparent, colorless and cylindrical casts that present after strenuous exercise. what are they?

A

hyaline casts

75
Q

urine under the microscope shows granulated hyaline casts that can indicate renal disease. what are they?

A

granular casts

76
Q

what does RBC casts in urine indicate?

A

acute glomerulonephritis

77
Q

what does WBC casts in the urine indicate?

A

pyelonephritis

78
Q

what microscopic finding in urine can help us different between lower and upper UTI?

A

WBC cast

79
Q

what kind of urinary infection presents with cast + bacterial infection?

A

upper urinary infection

80
Q

what kind of urinary infection presents with NO casts + bacterial infection?

A

lower urinary infection

81
Q

what does fatty casts in the urine indicate? (2)

A

nephrotic syndrome
high protein

82
Q

urine under the microscope shows broad casts with blunt ends, fissures, and cracks. what is it?

A

waxy cast

83
Q

what does waxy casts in the urine indicate? (2)

A

end stage renal disease
urine stasis

84
Q

crystals are formed in response to what?

A

precipitated urine salts

85
Q

acidic crystals that present as granular brick dust and can make the urine appear pink

A

amorphous urates

86
Q

acidic crystals that present as octahedral or oval shapes

A

calcium oxalate

87
Q

what does calcium oxalate in the urine indicate? (2)

A

ethylene glycol poisoning
UTI

88
Q

acidic crystals that are yellow-brown and irregular shapes

A

uric acid

89
Q

what does uric acid in the urine indicate?

A

gout

90
Q

alkaline crystals that are white granular masses and indicate alkaline urine

A

amorphous phosphates

91
Q

alkaline crystals that are colorless prisms “coffin lids” and indicate a UTI

A

triple phosphate

92
Q

alkaline crystals that are yellow-brown spicules “thorny apples”

A

ammonium biurate

93
Q

abnormal crystal that is a colorless hexagonal plate, and indicates cystinuria, amino acid disorder, and is present with increased renal calculi formation

A

cysteine

94
Q

abnormal crystal that is colorless, fat, rectangular plates with notches, and indicates nephrotic syndrome

A

cholesterol

95
Q

abnormal crystal that is fine, colorless needles in clusters

A

tyrosine

96
Q

abnormal crystals that are yellow spheres with radial striations

A

leucine

97
Q

tyrosine and leucine are typically seen together. what do they indicate?

A

severe liver disease

98
Q

abnormal crystals that are yellow-brown clumped needles or granules

A

bilirubin

99
Q

what does bilirubin in urine indicate?

A

liver disease

100
Q

what is collected during a sterile procedure and is sent to the lab asap?

A

body fluids

101
Q

what do lymphocytes in body fluids indicate?

A

viral infection

102
Q

what is collected via lumbar puncture and is collected in a 4 tube system?

A

cerebral spinal fluid

103
Q

what does bright red CSF indicate?

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

104
Q

CSF appears turbid, has elevated opening pressure, WBCs >1000, protein >200, and glucose <40. what does this patient have?

A

bacterial meningitis

105
Q

CSF appears clear, has normal opening pressure, WBC <300 with lymphocytes, protein <200, and normal glucose. what does this patient have?

A

viral meningitis

106
Q

CSF appears clear, has normal-elevated opening pressure, WBCs <500, protein >200, and normal-low glucose. what does this patient have?

A

fungal meningitis

107
Q

collection of viscous fluid from joint cavities

A

synovial fluid

108
Q

collection of synovial fluid is a differential diagnosis for what?

A

arthritic pain

109
Q

what do synovial fluid crystals called monosodium urate, that look like fine needles, indicate?

A

gout

110
Q

what do synovial fluid crystals called CPPD, that are bulky, indicate?

A

pseudogout

111
Q

how is vaginal fluid sampled?

A

wet prep via endocervical swab and gram stain

112
Q

vaginal fluid that has potassium hydroxide added to the wet mount to isolate yeast/fungal elements

A

KOH prep

113
Q

a regular wet mound of vaginal fluid tests for what? (4)

A

trichomonas
yeast
WBCs
clue cells

114
Q

which sample should be collected and kept warm until testing can be performed?

A

seminal fluid

115
Q

why are seminal fluid levels checked? (3)

A

fertility
vasectomy success
forensic

116
Q

performed to diagnose genetic and developmental conditions

A

amniotic fluid

117
Q

what kind of stain is used for amniotic fluid to identify fetal hemorrhage?

A

kleihauer-betke stain

118
Q

what kind of test is used for amniotic fluid to identify open neural tube defects?

A

alpha fetoprotein (AFP)

119
Q

what kind of test is used for amniotic fluid to identify maturation of the fetal lung?

A

lecithin sphingomyelin (L/S ratio)

120
Q

what kind of test of amniotic fluid is used to detect premature rupture of the fetal membrane?

A

fern test

121
Q

what type of body fluid is used for a fern test?

A

vaginal secretions

Lab Med (19 decks)

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