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Biology Units 3 & 4 > 4.1 Biochemical pathways for chemical metabolism > Flashcards

4.1 Biochemical pathways for chemical metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts in biochemical pathways

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2
Q

Are enzymes soluble in water?

A

Yes, most of the time

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3
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A molecule that an enzyme acts upon

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4
Q

What is an enzyme-substrate complex?

A

A structure where a substrate has bound with an enzyme

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5
Q

What is the structure of an enzyme?

A

A bundle of amino acids, forming the shape

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6
Q

What is enzyme specificity?

A

This determines how specific an enzyme is to its substrate.

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7
Q

What are the two models that can present enzyme specificity?

A

Lock and Key model and Induced-fit model

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8
Q

Explain the lock and key model

A

Only one size fits the shape; enzyme like a lock, substrate like a key; active site is assumed rigid

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9
Q

Explain the induced-fit model

A

Active site is assumed to be flexible and can fit around substrate tightly; active site is not complementary to substrate

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10
Q

What is a biochemical pathway?

A

The regulation of metabolic reactions; occurs in pathways that involve series of regulated steps controlled by enzymes; it is a negative feedback loop

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11
Q

Define catalytic power

A

The ability of an enzyme to increase the rate of a biochemical reaction, compared to the reaction occurring without the enzyme present

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12
Q

What is catabolism?

A

An exergonic reaction that releases energy and heat (exothermic); involves breaking down of a substrate and is involved in cellular respiration

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13
Q

What is anabolism?

A

An endergonic reaction that requires energy, making it endothermic; involves synthesis of new molecules and is involved in photosynthesis

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14
Q

What is activation energy?

A

An input of energy to start a reaction; enzymes allow for activation energy to reduce, so less energy is required from the body

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15
Q

What structure forms when a substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme?

A

An enzyme substrate complex

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16
Q

What model of enzyme so if it’s looks like a lock fitting in a key

A

Lock and key model

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17
Q

What model of enzyme specificity is similar to a glove changing shape as a hand slips into it?

A

The induced-fit model

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18
Q

What type of loop is a metabolic reaction?

A

A negative feedback loop

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19
Q

Is catabolism exergonic or endergonic?

A

Exergonic

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20
Q

Is anabolism exergonic or endergonic?

A

Endergonic

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21
Q

Is energy required or released in catabolism?

A

Energy is released

22
Q

Is energy required or released in anabolism?

A

Energy is required

23
Q

Is catabolism the break down or synthesis of substrate?

A

The breakdown of substrate

24
Q

Is anabolism the breakdown or synthesis of substrate?

A

Synthesis of substrate

25
Q

Is photosynthesis an example of catabolism or anabolism?

A

Anabolism

26
Q

Is cellular respiration an example of catabolism or anabolism?

A

Catabolism

27
Q

Is catabolism exothermic or endothermic?

A

Exothermic

28
Q

Is anabolism exothermic or endothermic?

A

Endothermic

29
Q

Define cellular metabolism

A

The sum of metabolic reactions in a cell

30
Q

Define anabolic reaction

A

A reaction in which atoms and small molecules are joined together to make larger molecules; requires an initial input of energy so they can start to form new chemical bonds

31
Q

Define endergonic reaction

A

A reaction that requires an initial input of energy to get them started

32
Q

Define endothermic reaction

A

A reaction where light energy is absorbed from the surroundings and used to form bonds in a formed molecule

33
Q

Define catabolic reaction

A

Complex molecules are broken down into simpler molecules; spontaneous reactions that do not require and initial input of energy.

34
Q

Define exergonic reaction

A

A reaction that does not require an initial input if energy

35
Q

Define exothermic

A

A reaction that releases energy

36
Q

Define reactants

A

The inputs of a chemical reaction

37
Q

What are cofactors/ coenzymes?

A

Molecules that assist enzymes

38
Q

Define catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change

39
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process by which photoautotrophs capture light energy and use it to convert water and carbon dioxide to glucose and oxygen

40
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

In chlorophyll molecules of plants

41
Q

What is glycogen?

A

The stored form of glucose in animals

42
Q

How is glucose stored for long term?

A

Glycogen in animals, starch in plants

43
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process of breaking down glucose either completely in aerobic respiration using oxygen, or incompletely in anaerobic respiration when no oxygen is used

44
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

To release the energy stored in the bonds of glucose to form the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

45
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

The ‘energy bank’ of cells,which can make energy available to cells when it’s needed

46
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

Contains an adenosine molecule, attached to a sugar group (ribose), which is bound to a chain of 3 phosphate groups

47
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

By the addition of a phosphate group to an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecule in a reversible reaction catalysed by an enzyme ATP synthase

48
Q

What is ADP?

A

A low-energy compound that when a phosphate group is added to it, it is converted into ATP for energy storage

49
Q

What is ATP synthase

A

An enzyme that provides energy for the cell through the synthesis of ATP

50
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

In the chronological and mitochondria

51
Q

What is the outputs of anaerobic cellular respiration in plants?

A

Ethanol, carbon dioxide and 2ATP

52
Q

What are the outputs of anaerobic cellular respiration in animals?

A

Lactic acid and 2ATP

Biology Units 3 & 4 (56 decks)

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