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BMS 110 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

sebum

A

oil; protective substance

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2
Q

pathogens

A

disease causing agents
(bacteria, viruses, etc.)

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3
Q

innate (nonspecific) immunity

A

inborn; same defenses regardless of pathogen type

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4
Q

acquired (specific) immunity

A

develops over course of life. a specific attack against a specific pathogen

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5
Q

first line of defense

A

physical (integumentary system, mucus, hairs, etc.) and chemical (sebum, gastric acid, normal bacteria flora lysozyme) surface barriers

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6
Q

second line of defense

A

fever, inflammation, phagocytes

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7
Q

third line of defense (specific)

A

immune responses (T and B lymphocytes, antibodies, and macrophages)
protects against a specific pathogen
Dependent of B and T cells (lymphocytes)

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8
Q

does immune system identify whole pathogens or surface antigens?

A

surface antigens

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9
Q

lymphocytes

A

B and T cells

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10
Q

antigens

A

proteins, lipids, oligosaccharides

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11
Q

anything that is not recognized as self will be killed. true or false

A

true

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12
Q

lymphatic system function

A

pick up fluid lost from capillaries and returns it to the blood. defense against pathogens

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13
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

red bone marrow and thymus gland

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14
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen and lymph nodes (tonsils)

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15
Q

red bone marrow

A

site of blood cell production B cells mature here

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16
Q

thymus gland

A

immature T cells from bone marrow move to thymus and mature (most stay here: 95%)

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17
Q

spleen

A

filled with white pulp (contains lymphocytes and red pulp) filtering of erythrocytes

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18
Q

lymph nodes

A

contain B cells, T cells, and macrophages
common in neck, armpits, and grain regions

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19
Q

lymph vascular system (3 D’s)

A

drainage, delivery, and disposal

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20
Q

integumentary system

A

largest organ of the body
Functions:
-protection
-maintenance of homeostasis (body temp)
-sensory
-synthesis of chemicals
Made of: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
Accessory organs: oil and sweat glands, hair, nails

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21
Q

epidermis

A

outer layer of skin
“keratinized” stratified squamous epitelium

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22
Q

dermis

A

dense irregular connective tissue. blood vessels and nerve endings oil and sweat glands fair follicles and nails

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23
Q

hypodermis

A

bottom layer
specialized loose connect tissue (adipose)
fat: insulator and cushion

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24
Q

glands

A

sweat: thermal homeostasis
sebaceous (oil): oils skin and keeps hair flexible “keeps safe”

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25
Q

mucous membrane

A

epithelial tissue that lines any cavity open to exterior

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26
Q

goblet cells

A

epithelial cells that are secreted by mucous

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27
Q

cytokines

A

chemical messages

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28
Q

what releases cytokines

A

macrophages

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29
Q

complement systems

A

attracts phagocytes, binds to pathogen, forms membrane attack complexes, triggers inflammation, effect against bacteria NOT viruses

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30
Q

interferon

A

attacks virally infected cells kills fully infected and partially infected neighboring cells to prevent spread

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31
Q

fever

A

a change in the body’s temp. results in elevation of basal body temp.
Pyrogens (proteins) reset the body’s thermostat
Direct: prevents pathogen growth at higher temps.
Indirect: Aids defensive mechanisms by raising metabolic rates

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32
Q

inflammation (4 steps)

A

1) histamine released by mast cells (cause vasodilation)
2) increased blood flow causes warmth and redness
3) increased blood flow brings more leukocytes
4) neutrophis release cytokines to call for more leukocytes including macrophages

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33
Q

adaptive immunity mobilizes

A

B and T cells
1) specificity (only against one antigen)
2) diversity (combined against billions)
3) memory (storage for next invasion)

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34
Q

effector cells

A

respond immediately

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35
Q

memory cells

A

set aside for second or third encounter

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36
Q

antibody-mediated immunity

A

B cells create disease fighting compounds called antibodies (help T cells present)

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37
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells directly attack pathogen containing cells through direct cell to cell contact (cells infected on the inside)
Targets: viruses, bacteria, some protozoa
Cytotoxic T cells have perforins (punch holes in target cells)

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38
Q

cytoxic (killer) T cells

A

produced in bone marrow and go to thymus for development cell-mediated immunity

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39
Q

MHC markers

A

Major histocompatibility complex
code for proteins that stick out of cell membranes
T cells have receptors that recognize them
(it’s me, MHC)

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40
Q

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

macrophages and dendritic cells (phagocytotic cells)
enzymes break antigen into pieces
pieces join with MHC markers
helper T cell binds, releases cytokines

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41
Q

important aspects of antibodies

A

shape
diversity and specificity of antibody-mediated immunity
binding of antigens

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42
Q

activation of B cells

A

When antibodies bind, B cells divide
Helper T cells produce cytokines
B cell descendants become memory cells or plasma cells

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43
Q

immunoglobulins

A

proteins produces by B cells; various shapes
antigen-binding sites; other sites with special roles

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44
Q

types of Igs

A

IgM: first formed in newborn and first infection
IgD: on surface of immature B cells
IgG: main antibody in circulation (most common)
IgA: found in milk and saliva
IgE: parasitic infection and allergic response

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45
Q

natural immunity

A

protection that an individual inherits to fight infection

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46
Q

artificial immunity

A

acquired to through medical intervention

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47
Q

active immunity

A

body makes its own antibodies

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48
Q

passive immunity

A

given prepared antibodies

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49
Q

allergies

A

harmless substances that provoke immune attack

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50
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

whole body allergic response

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51
Q

4 layers of tissue in digestive tract (inner to outer)

A

mucosa
submucosal
muscularis
serosa

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52
Q

peristalsis

A

the GI tract movement

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53
Q

sphincters

A

help regulate the passage of food through GI tract

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54
Q

main steps in the digestive process

A

ingestion, digestion, movement, absorption, elimination

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55
Q

ingestion

A

intake of food via mouth

56
Q

digestion

A

mechanically/chemically breaking down food into their sub units

57
Q

movement

A

food must be moved along the GI tract in order to fulfill all functions

58
Q

absorption

A

movement of nutrients across the GI tract wall to be delivered to the cell via the blood

59
Q

elimination

A

removal of indigestible molecules; dedication

60
Q

when does food processing start

A

when it enters your mouth

61
Q

3 salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

62
Q

saliva

A

mostly water
bicarbonate buffer
mucins
salivary amylase (begins starch digestion)

63
Q

bolus

A

chewed food mixed with saliva

64
Q

what closes the larynx when swallowing

A

epiglottis

65
Q

what covers the nasal cavity when swallowing

A

uvula

66
Q

stomach

A

3 layers
mixes and stores ingested food
food passes to the small intestine
empty stomach has folds called rugae
houses chief cells in lining (pepsinogen -> pepsin)

67
Q

helicobacter pylori

A

produce toxins
stomach inflammation; may lead to ulcers

68
Q

small intestine

A

6 meters long
absorbs most nutrients
3 regions:
- duodenum (next to stomach)
- jejunum
- the ileum (next to large intestine)
has villi to increase surface area

69
Q

accessory organs of the digestive system

A

pancreas, gallbladder, liver

70
Q

pancreas

A

exocrine gland: releases digestive enzymes
endocrine gland: produce hormones

71
Q

gall bladder

A

sausage shaped, green colored sac stores excess bile produced by the liver

72
Q

liver

A

manufactures bile
secretes cholesterol into bile
hepatic portal vein: comes from small intestine filled with nutrients
converts and stores excess glucose as glycogen
manufactures blood plasma proteins
inactivates many hormones

73
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion with protein help

74
Q

segmentation in small intestine

A

enhances back and forth mixing

75
Q

digestion of proteins

A

stomach (pepsin)

76
Q

digestion of triglycerides

A

small intestine

77
Q

large intestine

A

anything not absorbed in small intestine moves to large intestine
1.2 meters
function: water re-absorption, ion uptake, and feces formation

78
Q

what causes the release of HCI

A

gastrin

79
Q

cholecytokinin (CCK)

A

triggers pancreatic enzymes and bile release

80
Q

secretin

A

slows contractions and causes release of bicarbonate

81
Q

glucose insulin topic peptide (GIP)

A

triggers release of insulin form pancreas

82
Q

digestion path

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

83
Q

kidney function

A

remove metabolic waste from blood adjust fluid balance in the body hormone secretion

84
Q

biggest metabolic waste from the body

A

CO2

85
Q

breakdown of proteins produces

A

ammonia (toxic) to urea (in liver); half is reabsorbed in the kidney
creatine made by muscle cells from the breakdown of creatine phosphate

86
Q

what produces uric acid

A

break down of nucleic acid

87
Q

kidneys maintain the electrolytic balance of what

A

ions

88
Q

kidneys maintain what two homeostatic mechanisms

A

water-salt and acie-base

89
Q

nephron flow

A

Glomerular (bowman) capsule-> proximal tubule->loop of Henle->distale tubule->collecting ducts

90
Q

three processes of nephron loop

A

filtration (glumular capsule)
re-absorption (all along tubular part)
secretion (distal tubule)

91
Q

chyme

A

mixture of enzymes and partially-digested food

92
Q

what antibody is the most abundant in blood?

A

igG

93
Q

what is not an antigen-presenting cell?

A

mast cell

94
Q

mast cells release

A

histamine

95
Q

lysozyme and pH are a part of your

A

chemical barriers to entry

96
Q

true or false. B cells need T cells, but T cells do not need B cells

A

true

97
Q

immunoglobulin injections and breast feeding are examples of

A

passive immunity

98
Q

what is usually inherited and is characterized by a lack of an enzyme resulting in improper development of T cells

A

SCID

99
Q

T cells are produced in the __ and mature in the __

A

red bone marrow; thymus gland

100
Q

the target of __ is specific and includes pathogens that have not gained entry into a cell

A

antibody mediated immunity

101
Q

in __ a person’s immune system is weakened or lacking altogether

A

systemic lupus

102
Q

the function of this leukocyte is to induce apoptosis using perforin and granzyme

A

cytotoxic T cell

103
Q

what forms pores within pathogens in order to cause the invader to burst and disintegrate?

A

membrane attack complex

104
Q

what produces antibodies in the future

A

memory B cells

105
Q

which of the lymphatic organs functions in filtering blood

A

spleen

106
Q

phagocytic leukocytes and fever are a part of

A

innate immunity

107
Q

this antibody is produced in response to an allergen

A

igE

108
Q

what is not one of the hallmark symptoms in the inflammatory response

A

fever

109
Q

this chemical weapon functions by regulating an immune response

A

cytokine

110
Q

which disorder is caused by an overactive immune system

A

lupus and rheumatoid arthritis

111
Q

nucleosidase causes a nucleotide to be broken into

A

sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

112
Q

this part of a tooth contains the nerves and blood vessels

A

pulp cavity

113
Q

what is not involved in chemical digestion

A

esophagus

114
Q

what is not a function of the pancreas

A

stores glucose and glycogen

115
Q

the appendix is directly attached to

A

cecum

116
Q

places the layers of the digestive tube in order from the lumen outward

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

117
Q

protein digestion begins in the __ and ends in the __

A

stomach; small intestine

118
Q

what is the correct pathway for food

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

119
Q

what are finger-like projections found in the small intestine

A

microvilli

120
Q

after the blood laves the glomerular capillaries it goes via the efferent arterioles to the

A

peritubular capillaries

121
Q

filtration of the blood in the kidney takes places in the

A

glomerulus of bowman’s capsule

122
Q

the most toxic substances routinely found in the blood are metabolites of

A

protiens

123
Q

what are significant routes for water loss from the body?

A

excretion in urine, sweating, elimination in feces, and evaporation from skin and lungs

124
Q

if blood is too acidic bicarbonate ions enter the bloodstream via the

A

peritubular capillaries

125
Q

in reabsorption

A

nutrients and salts are selectively returned to the blood

126
Q

solutes enter the body’s extracellular fluid by

A

eating, secretion of substances from living cells, breathing, and carbon dioxide release from respiring cells

127
Q

the fundamental unit of the kidney is the

A

nephron

128
Q

ammonia is converted to the much less toxic substance

A

urea

129
Q

the most abundant waste product of metabolism is

A

carbon dioxide

130
Q

filtrate fro the bowman’s capsule flows into the

A

proximal convoluted tubule

131
Q

the hormone that influences sodium reabsorption in the kidney is

A

aldosterone

132
Q

the urinary system helps to maintain the extracellular fluid pH by

A

excreting hydrogen ions

133
Q

the process by which the body exerts the greatest control involving the water balance of an individual is

A

urinary excretion

134
Q

the hormone produced by the kidney that is responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells is

A

erythropoietin

135
Q

blood is delivered to each nephron by

A

an afferent arteriole

BMS 110 (5 decks)

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