Learning

Question 1

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

An organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it.

Answer 2

Habituation

Question 3

Learning that certain events occur together (as in Classical conditioning) or a response and it’s consequences (as in operant conditioning.)

Answer 3

Associative Learning

Question 4

Any event or situation that evokes a response.

Answer 4

Stimulus

Question 5

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.

Answer 5

Cognitive learning

Question 6

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

Answer 6

Behaviorism

Question 7

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.

Answer 7

Neutral stimulus

Question 8

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus such as food in the mouth.

Answer 8

Unconditioned response

Question 9

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

Answer 9

Conditioned response

Question 10

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).

Answer 10

Conditioned stimulus

Question 11

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus so that the betrayal stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.

Answer 11

Acquisition

Question 12

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in once conditioning experience is paired with a neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.

Answer 12

High-order conditioning

Question 13

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Answer 13

Extinction

Question 14

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 14

Spontaneous recovery

Question 15

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response.

Answer 15

Discrimination

Question 16

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

Answer 16

Generalization

Question 17

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

Answer 17

Operant conditioning

Question 18

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by a favorable consequence become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

Answer 18

Low of effect

Question 19

In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer.

Answer 19

Operant chamber

Question 20

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

Answer 20

Reinforcement

Question 21

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Answer 21

Shaping

Question 22

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimulus not associated with reinforcement.)

Answer 22

Discriminative stimulus

Question 23

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A _______ _______ is any stimulus that, when presented after a response strengthens the response.

Answer 23

Positive reinforcement

Question 24

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A _____ _____ is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

Answer 24

Negative reinforcement

Question 25

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

Answer 25

Primary reinforcer

Question 26

A stimulus that gains it reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcement; also known as a secondary reinforcer.

Answer 26

Conditioned reinforcer

Question 27

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.

Answer 27

Reinforcement schedule

Question 28

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

Answer 28

Continuous reinforcement

Question 29

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slow acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

Answer 29

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Question 30

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

Answer 30

Fixed-ratio schedule

Question 31

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

Answer 31

Variable-ratio schedule

Question 32

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of time has elapsed.

Answer 32

Fixed-interval schedule

Question 33

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

Answer 33

Variable-interval schedule

Question 34

An event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows.

Answer 34

Punishment

Question 35

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a _____ _____ of it.

Answer 35

Cognitive map

Question 36

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it.

Answer 36

Latent learning

Question 37

A sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

Answer 37

Insight

Question 38

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.

Answer 38

Intrinsic motivation

Question 39

A desire to perform a behavior to receive rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

Answer 39

Extrinsic motivation

Question 40

Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.

Answer 40

Coping

Question 41

Attempting to alleviate stress directly-by changing of the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

Answer 41

Problem-focused coping

Question 42

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction.

Answer 42

Emotional-focused coping

Question 43

The helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

Answer 43

Learned helplessness

Question 44

The perception that chance of outside forces beyond personal control determine our fate.

Answer 44

External locus of control

Question 45

The perception that you control your own fate.

Answer 45

Internal locus of control

Question 46

The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.

Answer 46

Self-control

Question 47

Learning by observing others. Also called social learning.

Answer 47

Observational learning

Question 48

The process of observing and imitating specific behavior.

Answer 48

Modeling

Question 49

Frontal lobe neurons that scientists slid s fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s actions may enable imitation and empathy.

Answer 49

Mirror neurons

Question 50

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite if antisocial behavior.

Answer 50

Prosocial behavior