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AP Psychology > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

1
Q

An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

A

Personality

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2
Q

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

A

Free Association

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3
Q

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts, the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

A

Psychoanalysis

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4
Q

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

A

Unconscious

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5
Q

A reservoir of unconcious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The ___ operates on the pleasure principle demanding immediate gratification.

A

Id

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6
Q

The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ___ operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will bring pleasure rather than pain.

A

Ego

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7
Q

The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

A

Superego

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8
Q

The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

A

Psychosexual Stages

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9
Q

According to Freud, a boy’s sexual desire towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

A

Oedipus Complex

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10
Q

The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parent’s values into their developing superegos.

A

Identification

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11
Q

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were not resolved.

A

Fixation

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12
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

A

Defense Mechanisms

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13
Q

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

A

Repression

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14
Q

Involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses out on people or objects that are besides threatening.

A

Displacement

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15
Q

Involves taking our own unacceptable qualities and feelings and ascribing them to other people.

A

Projection

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16
Q

When confronted by stressful events, people sometimes abandon coping strategies and revert to childish behavior. (Ex. throwing a temper tantrum.)

A

Regression

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17
Q

Functions to protect the ego from things with which the individual cannot cope.

A

Denial

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18
Q

Involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding true reasons for the behavior.

A

Rationalization

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19
Q

Reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling, impulse, or behavior.

A

Reaction-Formation

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20
Q

Modern day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

A

Psychodynamic Theory

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21
Q

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history. (Ex. a fear of snakes passed down via genes and evolution.)

A

Collective Unconscious

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22
Q

Major structural components of the collective unconscious, universal pattern or predispositions that structure how all humans consciously and unconsciously adapt to their world. (Ex. the Hero, or the Mentor.)

A

Archetype

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23
Q

A personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.

A

Projective test

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24
Q

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

A

Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT)

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25
Q

The most widely used projective test, a set of ten inkblots, seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

A

Rorschach Inkblot Test

26
Q

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors. (Ex. Because me and my friends like Ramen everyone must like Ramen.

A

False Consensus Effect

27
Q

A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

A

Terror-Management Theory

28
Q

View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

A

Humanistic Theories

29
Q

An organized, consistent set of beliefs and perceptions about ourselves, which develops in response to our life experiences. Believed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

A

Self

30
Q

According to Abraham Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

A

Self-Actualization

31
Q

Showing complete support and acceptance of a person no matter what the person says or does.

A

Unconditional Positive Regard

32
Q

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

A

Self-concept

33
Q

Proposes that all behavior is caused by outside environmental forces (free will is an illusion.)

A

Environmental Determinism

34
Q

Albert Bandura, proposed that the person, environment, and behavior interact to determine patterns of behavior and thus personality.

A

Reciprocal Determinism

35
Q

A characteristic pattern of behavior or disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

A

Trait

36
Q

Traits that dominate an individual’s whole life.

A

Cardinal Traits

37
Q

General characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality.

A

Central Traits

38
Q

Often appear only in certain situations under certain circumstances.

A

Secondary Traits

39
Q

The more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality.

A

Source Traits

40
Q

Aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person.

A

Surface Traits

41
Q

Measures our sociability and tendency to pay attention to an external environment.

A

Extraversion

42
Q

Measures our level of instability.

A

Neuroticism

43
Q

Measures our level of tough-mindedness (how friendly, empathetic, and cooperative we are.)

A

Psychoticism

44
Q

Model of personality traits, many researchers believe that they are the five core personalities.
-Openness
-Conscientiousness
-Extraversion
-Agreeableness
-Neuroticism

A

The Big Five Personality Factors

45
Q

Imaginative or Practical? Interested in variety or routine?
Independent or Conforming?

A

Openness

46
Q

Organized or disorganized? Interested in variety or routine?
Discipline or Impulsive?

A

Conscientiousness

47
Q

Sociable or Retiring?
Fun loving or Somber?
Affectionate or Reserved?

A

Extraversion

48
Q

Softhearted or Ruthless?
Trusting or Suspicious?
Helpful or Uncooperative?

A

Agreeableness

49
Q

Calm or Anxious?
Secure or Insecure?
Self-Satisfied or Self-Pitying?

A

Neuroticism

50
Q

A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

A

Personality Inventory

51
Q

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI or MMPI-2)

52
Q

A test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

A

Empirically Derived Test

53
Q

Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

A

Social-Cognitive Perspective

54
Q

In personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development.

A

Behavioral approach

55
Q

The scientific study of optimal human functioning, aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.

A

Positive Psychology

56
Q

Overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us.)

A

Spotlight Effect

57
Q

One’s feelings of high or low self-worth

A

Self-esteem

58
Q

One’s sense of competence and effectiveness. The belief that you can complete a particular task greatly increases the odds that you will complete it.

A

Self-efficacy

59
Q

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

A

Self-Serving Bias

60
Q

Excessive self-love and self-absorption.

A

Narcissism

61
Q

Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identities.

A

Individualism

62
Q

Giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.

A

Collectivism

AP Psychology (12 decks)

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