Unit 4 Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments Flashcards

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1
Q

Enlightenment

A

European intellectual movement in the 18th century that applied new methods of rational thinking and the scientific method to social and human institutions

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2
Q

Aristotle

A

Believed Earth was at the center of the universe (geocentric model of the universe)

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3
Q

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

A

I. Universities
II. Renessaince
III. Printing Press

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4
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus

A

Put forth the heliocentric model of the universe (the sun was at the enter and the planets revolved around it)

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5
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

I. Planets orbit the sun not in perfect circles but rather in ellipses
II. Planets move faster when closer to the sun and slower when farther away
III. Time a planet takes to orbit the sun is exactly related to its distance from the sun

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6
Q

Isaac Newton

A

Law of Universal Gravitation; Gravity is what kept all the planets revolving in relation to one another

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7
Q

Galen

A

Humoral Theory; Body was composed of four substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm

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8
Q

Paracelsus

A

Believed chemical imbalances caused disease

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9
Q

William Harvey

A

Discovered that the circulatory system was an integrated whole

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10
Q

Empiricism

A

The pursuit of knowledge through inductive reason

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11
Q

Philosophe

A

French word for philosophers

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12
Q

The Spirit of Laws

A

In this book, Montesquieu argued that separating power into multiple branches of government so that each branch could check the other was the only way to avoid tyranny and encourage equality

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13
Q

Voltaire

A

Criticism of the social and religious institutions of France

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14
Q

Denis Diderot

A

Responsible for cataloging the new Enlightenment worldview in the Encyclopedia

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15
Q

Salon

A

Private meetings held in opulent houses where the intellegencia openly discussed and debated new ideas

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16
Q

Coffeehouses

A

Where the general public could discuss ideas of the day

17
Q

Second Treatise on Civil Gov.

A

Written by John Locke; Expressed that people were born with rights to life, liberty, and property, and those rights were granted by the creator

18
Q

The Social Contract

A

Book by Rousseau; He argued that the power to govern was in the hands of the people

19
Q

The Wealth of Nations

A

Book by Adam Smith; Attacked the mercantilist policies of European nations and argued that people should make economic decisions based on the law of supply and demand

20
Q

Physiocrats

A

French economic thinkers

21
Q

Robert Jacques Turgot

A

Advocated for laissez faire economics in France and argued that the gov. should have a minimal role in economics

22
Q

Deism

A

There is a God, but that God is uninvolved in human affairs (like a clockmaker who put all the gears of the universe together, wound it up, and let it tick away)

23
Q

Skepticism

A

David Hume - Since God or the creation of the universe cannot be interpreted through the senses, then they’re not legitimate articles of knowledge

24
Q

Atheism

A

The belief that no God exists

25
Q

Pietism

A

Led by Nicolas Von Zizendorf and taught that true religious experience was not just about belonging to a church but rather, was bound up in the mystical personal religion experience

26
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

A

Father of separation of powers and checks and balances

27
Q

Michel de Montaigne

A

Adopted a practice of profound introspection

28
Q

Jean Bodin

A

Developed a theory of absolute sovereignty; He argued that the state’s paramount duty is to maintain order

29
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

In Leviathan, he argued that any form of gov. might act as an all-powerful sovereign

30
Q

Cartisians

A

Followers of Descartes

31
Q

Nature

A

State of being untouched by human agency

32
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Amassing evidence from many discrete observations to draw general conclusions (Bacon)

33
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Proceeding logically from one known certainty to another (Descartes)

34
Q

Baconian

A

Bacon followers