Unit 4 Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments Flashcards
Enlightenment
European intellectual movement in the 18th century that applied new methods of rational thinking and the scientific method to social and human institutions
Aristotle
Believed Earth was at the center of the universe (geocentric model of the universe)
Causes of the Scientific Revolution
I. Universities
II. Renessaince
III. Printing Press
Nicolaus Copernicus
Put forth the heliocentric model of the universe (the sun was at the enter and the planets revolved around it)
Johannes Kepler
I. Planets orbit the sun not in perfect circles but rather in ellipses
II. Planets move faster when closer to the sun and slower when farther away
III. Time a planet takes to orbit the sun is exactly related to its distance from the sun
Isaac Newton
Law of Universal Gravitation; Gravity is what kept all the planets revolving in relation to one another
Galen
Humoral Theory; Body was composed of four substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm
Paracelsus
Believed chemical imbalances caused disease
William Harvey
Discovered that the circulatory system was an integrated whole
Empiricism
The pursuit of knowledge through inductive reason
Philosophe
French word for philosophers
The Spirit of Laws
In this book, Montesquieu argued that separating power into multiple branches of government so that each branch could check the other was the only way to avoid tyranny and encourage equality
Voltaire
Criticism of the social and religious institutions of France
Denis Diderot
Responsible for cataloging the new Enlightenment worldview in the Encyclopedia
Salon
Private meetings held in opulent houses where the intellegencia openly discussed and debated new ideas