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Anatomy Section 4 > 2. Anatomy of the Skull > Flashcards

2. Anatomy of the Skull Flashcards

1
Q

Skeleton of the head includes:

A

-skull
-mandible
-hyoid apparatus
-ossicles of middle ear
-cartilages of external ear, nose and larynx

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2
Q

Skull bones:

A

-mostly paired
-provide essential landmarks
*different bones are outlined by ‘sutures’

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3
Q

Sutures:

A

-signify merging ossification centers

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4
Q

Young animals skull:

A

-bones can be separated and examined individually

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5
Q

Skull bones consist of:

A

-walls of cranium
-bones of the face
*proportions differ among species

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6
Q

Orbits:

A

-part of the face
-lie at the boundary of the face and cranium

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7
Q

Cranium: brain case

A

-dorsolateral wall
-lateroventral wall
-caudal wall
-cranial wall

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8
Q

Dorsolateral wall: cranium

A

-frontal bones
-parietal bones

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9
Q

Lateroventral wall: cranium

A

-palatine bones
-sphenoid bones

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10
Q

Caudal wall: cranium

A

-occipital bone

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11
Q

Cranial wall: cranium

A

-cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

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12
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

-separates the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity
-unpaired

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13
Q

Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone:

A

-spongy-shaped
-perforations (holes) that pass olfactory nerves

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14
Q

Nasal bots in sheep brain:

A

-larvae of botfly
>migrate through the cribriform plate when still developing
>much smaller when they squeeze through, then when you are dissecting
-occasionally in goats and deer

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15
Q

Nasal cavity:

A

-dorsal wall
-lateroventral wall
-laterocaudal part
*-filled by conchae (turbinate bones)

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16
Q

Dorsal wall: nasal cavity

A

-nasal bones (paired)

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17
Q

Lateroventral wall: nasal cavity

A

-incisive bones (cranial)
-maxilla bones (caudal)

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18
Q

Laterocaudal part: nasal cavity

A

-lacrimal bones
>’tear shaped’ with small hole in middle
>lacrimal duct goes through it all the way to the nostrils

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19
Q

Nasal septum:

A

-divides the left and right nasal cavities
-cartilaginous rostrally: parts may become ossified with age

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20
Q

Ventral nasal septum:

A

-has a trough-shaped vomer bone

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21
Q

Caudal nasal septum:

A

-perpendicular lamina of ethmoid bone

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22
Q

Conchae (turbinate bones):

A

-delicate bony scrolls
-warm, moisten , and clean the air
-dorsal, ventral and ethmoid concha/turbinate
*increase SA

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23
Q

Dorsal conchae:

A

-from nasal bone
-‘shelf’ all the way to the back

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24
Q

Ventral conchae:

A

-from maxilla
-more complex
-scrolls up and down
-fills the space more

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25
Q

Air through the nasal cavity:

A

-a portion stays longer to help with the sense of smell

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26
Q

Zygomatic arch originates from:

A

-zygomatic bones
-squamous temporal bones

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27
Q

Temporal bone parts:

A

-squamous (flat)
-petrous (dense bone housing internal ear)
-tympanic (housing middle ear)

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28
Q

Temporal process of zygomatic bone:

A

-points toward the temporal bone

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29
Q

Zygomatic process of temporal bone:

A

-points toward the zygomatic bone

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30
Q

Mandible:

A

-two halves meet at the symphysis
-body (horizontal)
-ramus (vertical)

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31
Q

Mandibular symphysis:

A

-never completely fuses in a dog
>helps them with cracking a bone

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32
Q

Ramus:

A

-coronoid process
-condylar process

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33
Q

Coronoid process:

A

-dorsal extremity of the ramus
-attachment for temporal muscle

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34
Q

Condylar process:

A

-discoidal margin
-articulates with the skull

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35
Q

Lateral ramus:

A

-has a roughened depression where masseter inserts

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36
Q

Medial ramus:

A

-gives insertion to pterygoid muscle
-mandibular foramen

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37
Q

Caudo-ventral margin of ramus:

A

-angular process to extend muscle insertion

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38
Q

Rostro-lateral surface of ramus:

A

-several mental foramina
>middle one is bigger

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39
Q

Hyoid apparatus:

A

-series of bony rods joined together
-forms a mean of suspending the tongue and larynx from the skull

40
Q

Parts of hypoid apparatus:

A

-basihyoid
-ceratohyoid
-epihyoid
-stylohyoid
-thyrohyoid

41
Q

Basihyoid:

A

-across the back
-lingual process in horse and cow

42
Q

Lingual process:

A

-rostral prominence of the basihyoid
-dives in the root of the tongue
-gives attachment to several muscles

43
Q

Ceratohyoid:

A

-‘horn like’

44
Q

Epihyoid:

A

-over

45
Q

Stylohyoid:

A

-pointy

46
Q

Thyrohyoid:

A

-goes to thyroid cartilage

47
Q

Dorsal surface of dog skull:

A

-cranium
-external occipital protuberance
-nuchal crests
-sagittal crest
-zygomatic process of frontal bone
-nasal bones

48
Q

Cranium:

A

-ovoid
-occupy middle third of head width

49
Q

External occipital protuberance:

A

-caudal extremity of the cranium

50
Q

Nuchal crests:

A

-lateral cranium

51
Q

Sagittal crest:

A

-center more rostral part

52
Q

Zygomatic process of frontal bone:

A

-points toward zygomatic arch

53
Q

Nasal bones:

A

-end at wide nasal aperture
-continued by nasal cartilages

54
Q

Lateral surface of dog skull:

A

-orbital rim
-temporal fossa
-retroarticular process
-typmanic bulla
-external acoustic meatus
-paracondylar process
-pterygopalatine fossa
-foramina
-infraorbital foramen

55
Q

Orbital rim:

A

-not fully bony
-completed by orbital ligament

56
Q

Temporal fossa:

A

-behind the orbit
-walls of cranium

57
Q

Retroarticular process:

A

-ventrocaudal to zygomatic arch

58
Q

Tympanic bulla:

A

-large, smooth dome

59
Q

External acoustic meatus:

A

-leads to middle ear

60
Q

Paracondylar process:

A

-conspicuous at the caudal limit of the skull

61
Q

Pterygopalatine fossa;

A

-ventral to orbit

62
Q

Foramina of lateral surface of dog skull:

A

-optic canal
-orbital fissure (middle, bigger)
-rostral alar foramen

63
Q

Infraorbital foramen:

A

-important for dentistry

64
Q

Ventral surface of dog skull:

A

-base of cranium
-tympanic bulla and paracondylar process
-jugular foramen
-foramen lacerum
-hypoglossal canal
-oval foramen
-choanal region
-hard palate

65
Q

Base of cranium:

A

-occipital condyles flank the foramen magnum

66
Q

Tympanic bulla and paracondylar process:

A

-occupy each side of the ventral surface

67
Q

Jugular foramen:

A

-between bulla and occipital bone
>more caudal

68
Q

foramen lacerum:

A

-between bulla and occipital bone
>more rostral

69
Q

Hypoglossal canal:

A

-between jugular foramen and condyle

70
Q

Oval foramen:

A

-rostral to foramen lacerum

71
Q

Choanal region:

A

-where nasal cavities open into pharynx and openings (choanae)

72
Q

Hard palate:

A

-lies rostral to choanea
-margined by tooth sockets and rostrally palatine fissures

73
Q

Cat skull:

A

-with the mandible, appears globular
-rounded brain-case
-relatively short face

74
Q

Zygomatic arches: cat

A

-very convex

75
Q

Orbits: cats

A

-large
-face even more rostrally than in dogs
>predators

76
Q

Hard palate: cat

A

-short

77
Q

Tympanic bulla: cat

A

-very large

78
Q

Horse skull:

A

-long face
-narrow cranium

79
Q

Zygomatic arches: horse

A

-very strong
-strong zygomatic process connecting it with the frontal bone
*continues rostrally and forms the facial crest

80
Q

Orbit: horse

A

-faces almost laterally
-complete bony rim

81
Q

Nasoincisive notch: horse

A

-deep
-separates nasal and incisive bones
*allows them to breath better (only breath from nose)

82
Q

Mandible: horse

A

-massive
-two halves fuse early in life
-ramus is high (more space for masteur muscle)

83
Q

Bovine skull:

A

-relatively short and wide
-generally pyramidal

84
Q

Cornual process: bovine

A

-‘horn’
-project from frontal bones

85
Q

Frontal region: bovine

A

-consists mostly of frontal bone
-very wide and flat
-overhanging the temporal fossa

86
Q

Orbital rim: bovine

A

-raises above its surrounding
-completely bony
-‘security camera’

87
Q

Facial tuberosity: bovine

A

-no facial crest
-where rostral part of masseter arise

88
Q

Choanae: bovine

A

-separated by caudal prolongation of the nasal septum

89
Q

‘teeth’: bovine

A

-no alveoli (teeth sockets) for upper incisors

90
Q

Mandible: bovine

A

-weaker than horses

91
Q

Mandibular symphysis: bovine

A

-ossifies late, if at all

92
Q

Head conformations for dog:

A

-dolichocephalic: long-head
-mesaticephalic: intermediate-head
-brachycephalic: short-head

93
Q

Head conformations for horse:

A

-straight profile: common
-dished profile of Arabian
-domed contour of foals

94
Q

Domed contour of foals:

A

-cranium just follows the brain
-later on with development of facial bones and sinus, it will flatten out

95
Q

Head conformations for cats:

A

-long-headed: oriental
-medium-headed: European
-short-headed: persian

Anatomy Section 4 (10 decks)

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