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Anatomy Section 4 > 1 - Development of the Head, Mouth, and Pharynx > Flashcards

1 - Development of the Head, Mouth, and Pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

Development of head involves:

A

-connective tissue and skeletal muscle structures that are of neural crest origin

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2
Q

Head region of embryo is associated with developing:

A

-nervous system
-digestive system
-respiratory system

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3
Q

Key distinguishing feature of head development is:

A

-formation of pharyngeal arches

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4
Q

Pharyngeal arches:

A

-begin developing around 3rd week of gestation in domestic animals
*neural crest-derived cells migrate into head and neck regions=begin to AGGREGATE
-6 pairs (5th and 6th are rudimentary)

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5
Q

First pharyngeal arch:

A

-divided into maxillary and mandibular process
-immediately caudal to oro-pharyngeal membrane that now seals off the foregut

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6
Q

Development of the face:

A

-involves formation, fusion, patterning of facial primordia that surround stomodeal depression

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7
Q

Primordia form from:

A

-proliferation of neural crest-derived mesenchyme

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8
Q

Development of face involves:

A

-single fronto-nasal prominence
-paired nasomedial and nasolateral processes
-paired maxillary and paired mandibular prominences

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9
Q

Fronto-nasal prominence:

A

-form 2 pairs of ectodermal thickenings
>nasal and lens placodes

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10
Q

Lens placodes:

A

-form before nasal placodes
-positioned laterally

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11
Q

Maxillary prominences:

A

-grow in size and extend medially to fuse with nasomedial processes
>*results in formation of maxillary process, primary palate, tissue of upper lip

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12
Q

Maxillary process is the future:

A

-maxilla

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13
Q

Upper lip:

A

-influenced by form and amount of fusion of the prominences

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14
Q

Mandibular prominences:

A

-fuse forming the lower jaw

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15
Q

Cleft lip: clinical relevance

A

-when fusion of nasiomedial processes and maxillary prominences does not occur properly
>philtrum is not formed
-congenital malformation
-rare in domestic animals

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16
Q

Nasal-lacrimal groove:

A

-early stages of development
-separates maxillary from nasal prominences

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17
Q

Nasolacrimal duct:

A

-when the nasal-lacrimal groove extends towards developing eye
>floor of ectodermal groove will lose contact with surface

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18
Q

Nasal pits:

A

-deepen and form sacs
-initially L and R nasal sacs are separated by a septum

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19
Q

Nasal sacs:

A

-separated from oral cavity by oro-nasal membrane which forms the primary palate

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20
Q

Maxillary process:

A

-common nasal cavity forms at caudal end of nasal sacs
-caudal plate atrophies
*leaves the maxillary process

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21
Q

Choana:

A

-opening
>direct communication between caudal portion of nasal cavity and oral cavity

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22
Q

Palatine processes:

A

-begin to grow from lateral walls of nasal cavity

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23
Q

Developing tongue:

A

-can initially fill the oral cavity and push into nasal cavity

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24
Q

Secondary palate:

A

-with growth of oral cavity there will be expansion of the palatine processes and fusion at midline
*partition

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25
Q

Where palate is fusing with maxillary process:

A

-small spaces in the palate remain
>incisive foramina

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26
Q

Incisive foramina:

A

-lead to incisive ducts
-allow small amounts of fluid from oral cavity to paired vomeronasal organ and to olfactory epithelium of nasal cavity

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27
Q

Conchae:

A

-projections of laminae that arise from lateral walls of nasal cavity
-made of mesoderm core and covered by ectodermal lining
>then became ossified

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28
Q

Turbinate bones:

A

-bony projections resemble scrolls

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29
Q

Meatus:

A

-divides the nasal cavity into 3 passages

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30
Q

What determines the communication between pharynx and nasal cavities?

A

-amount of fusion between nasal septum and secondary palate

31
Q

Horses nasal septum:

A

-fuses with secondary palate along entire length
>each nasal cavity communicates separately with pharynx

32
Q

Other domestic species septum:

A

*fusion is not so extensive
*nasal cavities have a common opening into nasopharynx

33
Q

Secondary palate becomes:

A
  1. Hard Palate
  2. Soft Palate
34
Q

Hard palate:

A

-first 2/3 of the secondary palate that becomes ossified

35
Q

Soft palate:

A

-portion of palate that projects into pharynx
-remains membranous
-divides pharynx into oral and nasal parts

36
Q

Cleft palate types: clinical relevance

A

-primary
-secondary

37
Q

Primary cleft palate:

A

-due to incomplete fusion of nasomedial processes with maxillary prominences

38
Q

Secondary cleft palate:

A

-due to incomplete fusion of lateral palatine processes
-leaves opening between oral and nasal cavities

39
Q

Pharyngeal grooves/clefts:

A

-invaginations of ectoderm that form between adjacent arches

40
Q

Pharyngeal pouches produced from:

A

-endoderm of expanding foregut evaginating between the arches

41
Q

Pharyngeal membranes:

A

-contact of cleft and pouches

42
Q

What is associated with each arch?

A

-aortic arch artery
-muscle component
-branch of cranial nerve

43
Q

Second or hyoid arch:

A

-reichert’s cartilage
>gives rise to Stapes and bones of hyoid apparatus

44
Q

Third arch:

A

-other bones of hyoid apparatus, stylopharyngeus muscles (dilates pharynx)

45
Q

Fourth-six arches:

A

-laryngeal cartilages

46
Q

Endodermal epithelium of pouches:

A

*differentiates into components of lymphatic and endocrine system

47
Q

2nd pouch in late fetal period:

A

-contains aggregate of tissue
>palatine tonsil

48
Q

Parathyroid glands develop from:

A

-dorsal parts of 3rd and 4th pouches
*PTH: increases blood calcium levels

49
Q

Thyroid develops:

A

-as ventral midline endodermal diverticulum (downgrowth) of endodermal floor of pharynx
-becomes bilobar and moves caudally to be ventral to developing trachea
*isthmus

50
Q

Isthmus:

A

-connects the thyroid
-not constant in all species

51
Q

Pigs/primates isthmus:

A

-large and forms medial lobe

52
Q

Cattle isthmus:

A

-smaller band between lobes

53
Q

Horses isthmus:

A

-poorly defined

54
Q

small ruminants isthmus:

A

-band of connective tissue

55
Q

Cats/dogs isthmus:

A

-absent

56
Q

With caudal migration of thyroid:

A

-parathyroid IV glands becomes embedded into thyroid gland
-parathyroid III glands caudal to thyroid

57
Q

Thymus:

A

-from ventral parts of L and R 3rd pouches (4th in some species)
*initially 2 tubular structures, but become solid masses
-thymic hormones for T-lymphocytes

58
Q

Thymus with extension caudally:

A

-eventually fuse in midline and become associated with pericardium

59
Q

First pouch:

A

*auditory (eustachian) tubes of ear and tympanic cavities

60
Q

Guttural pouches in horses:

A

-from a diverticula of auditory tubes
-mucus secreting sacs that communicate with pharynx
>controls blood pressure in internal carotids?
>cerebral blood cooling system?

61
Q

First cleft:

A

-ectoderm of cleft gives rise to epithelial lining of external auditory meatus

62
Q

Cervical sinus in mammals:

A

-second arch extends caudally over 2nd and 3rd clefts
>*forms a transient structure lined by ectoderm

63
Q

Arch 1 (mandibular): bone derivatives

A

-mandible
-maxilla
-auricle of ear
-malleus
-incus

64
Q

Arch 1: pouch derivatives

A

-auditory tube
-guttural pouch

65
Q

Arch 1: cleft derivatives

A

-external auditory meatus

66
Q

Arch 2 (hyoid): bone derivatives

A

-auricle of ear
-stapes

67
Q

Arch 2: pouch derivatives

A

-palatine tonsils

68
Q

Arch 3: pouch derivatives

A

-parathyroids III
-stroma of thymus

69
Q

Arch IV-VI: pouch derivatives

A

-parathyroids IV
-stroma of thymus

70
Q

Tongue develops:

A

-on floor of oral cavity from portion of 1st pharyngeal arch

71
Q

3 elevations (tongue) at region of 1st arch:

A

-due to underlying mesoderm growth
>2 lateral lingual swellings
>1 tuberculum impar

72
Q

Tongue 2nd pharyngeal arch:

A

-copula develops

73
Q

Tongue 3rd and 4th arches:

A

-hypopharyngeal eminence forms
*become the root of the tongue

Anatomy Section 4 (10 decks)

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