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Biology > B2 Cells > Flashcards

B2 Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are living organisms made of?

A

All living organisms are made up of cells.

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2
Q

Which structures do both animals and plants cells have?

A

*Nucleus
*Cell membrane
*Cytoplasm
*Mitochondria
*RIbosomes

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3
Q

What is the function of a nucleus?

A

The nucleus contains genetic material - DNA which controls the activities of the cell.

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances into the cell. It also holds the cell together, separating the inside of the cell from the outside.

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5
Q

What is the function of a cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm is where chemical reactions take place. It also supports the internal cell structures. It contains water and dissolved substances.

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6
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria is where aerobic respiration occurs, where energy is released to fuel cellular processes.

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7
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes is found in the cytoplasm. It is the site of protein synthesis.

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8
Q

What are the structures found in only plant cells?

A

*Permanent vacuole
*Chloroplasts
*Cell wall

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9
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

The permanent vacuole is filled with cell sap - which contains dissolved sugars and mineral ions. It helps to support the structure of the cell and is used for storage for certain materials.

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10
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts contain green chlorophyll pigment (to absorb light energy) and carries out photosynthesis.

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11
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

Specialised cells are those which have developed certain characteristics in order to perform particular functions.

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12
Q

What is the function of a ciliated cell?

A

A ciliated cell is responsible for moving mucus in the trachea and bronchi.

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13
Q

How have ciliated cells adapted to perform their function?

A

Ciliated cells have cilia (hair-like projections) that waft (move) substances in one direction. Cilia wafts mucus ladened with bacteria out of the trachea to the mouth where is it swallowed.

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14
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen.

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15
Q

How have red blood cells adapted to perform their function?

A

Red blood cells have a biconcave shape which increases the surface area, making it more efficient to diffuse oxygen.
Contains haemoglobin which binds itself to oxygen to transport it.
Contains no nucleus which increases the amount of space available for haemoglobin inside cell.
Small and flexible to fit through narrow vessels.

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16
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

A sperm cell is responsible for reproduction. It fuses with an egg cell to produce a zygote.

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17
Q

How have sperm cells adapted to perform their function?

A

The mid-piece contains lots of mitochondria which releases energy to power that cell.
The flagellum (tail) allows it to swim quickly.
The acrosome in the head contains digestive enzymes so that a sperm can penetrate an egg.
The head contains the genetic material for fertilisation in a haploid nucleus.

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18
Q

What is the function of an egg cell (ovum)?

A

An egg cell is involved in reproduction.

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19
Q

How have egg cells adapted to perform their function?

A

Haploid nucleus contains the genetic material for fertilisation.
Contains lots of cytoplasm which has nutrients required for the growth of the early embryo.
Cell membrane changes after fertilisation by a single sperm so that no more sperm can enter.

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20
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell?

A

Root hair cells are responsible for the absorption of water and mineral ions from soil.

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21
Q

How have root hair cells adapted to perform their function?

A

The root hair increases the surface area of a cell which ensures maximum absorption of water and mineral ions.
Walls are thin to ensure that water moves through quickly.

22
Q

What is the function of a palisade mesophyll cell?

A

It helps photosynthesis occur.

23
Q

How have palisade mesophyll cells adapted to perform their function?

A

Contain lots of chloroplasts for maximum photosynthesis - (chloroplasts absorb light in photosynthesis and make glucose).
Column shaped to maximise absorption of sunlight and fit as many in a layer under the upper epidermis of the leaf as possible.

24
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

magnification = image size : actual size

25
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of random movement.

26
Q

What factors influence diffusion?

A

*Temperature
*Concentration gradient
*Surface area
*Diffusion distance

27
Q

How does temperature influence diffusion?

A

The higher the temperature, the more kinetic energy molecules have. The molecules move faster since they have more energy and can thus move down the concentration gradient quicker. The rate of diffusion increases.

28
Q

How does concentration gradient influence diffusion?

A

The greater the difference in concentration on either side of the membrane, the faster movement across it will occur. This is because on the side with the higher concentration, more random collisions against the membrane will occur.

29
Q

How does surface area influence diffusion?

A

The larger the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion. This is because more substances can move across its surface.

30
Q

How does diffusion distance affect diffusion?

A

The smaller the distance the molecules have to travel, the faster the transport will occur. Thus, the shorter the distance,
the faster the rate of diffusion is.

31
Q

How does diffusion occur across the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane is a partially permeable membrane that allows some molecules to cross easily, but others with difficulty or not at all. Substances move into and out of cells by diffusion, through the partially permeable cell membrane.

32
Q

How does water move in and out of cells?

A

Water diffuses through a partially permeable membrane by osmosis. Water can move in and out of cells by osmosis, through the cell membrane.

33
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the net movement of molecules from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution), through a partially permeable membrane.

34
Q

What does it mean if a solution has a high water concentration?

A

If a solution has a high water concentration, it means that there is a low concentration of the solvent (liquid). So, the solute is dilute. - dilute is when the solute has been watered down.The solution has a high water potential.

35
Q

What does it mean if a solution has a low water concentration?

A

If a solution has a low water concentration, it means that there is a high concentration of the solvent. So, the liquid is concentrated. This has low water potential.

36
Q

What is a high water potential?

A

A high water potential is when a solution is dilute. So, it has lots of water water molecules and is more likely to lose them since osmosis is from a region of high water potential to a low water potential. - dilute is when the solute has been watered down.

37
Q

What is a low water potential?

A

A low water potential is when a solution is concentrated. So, it has less water molecules than a high water potential, and water molecules will be travelling to here from a high water potential.

38
Q

What happens to osmosis at an even concentration?

A

At an even concentration, water particles still move, but now in the same direction across the membrane. But, net movement is zero.

39
Q

When does water move out of the plant cell?

A

Water moves out of the plant cell if the water concentration is higher inside.

40
Q

When does water move into the plant cell?

A

Water moves into the plant cell if the water concentration inside is lower.

41
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

The cell wall provides strength, so plant cells do not burst when water moves in.

42
Q

What happens if the water potential is the same inside and outside (of plant cell)?

A

If the water potential is the same inside and outside, the cell becomes flaccid.

43
Q

What happens if the plant cell is placed in a concentrated solution (low water potential outside)?

A

If the solute is concentrated, it has very few water molecules meaning that there is a higher water potential inside the cell. Thus, water moves out of the cell and becomes plasmolysed.

44
Q

What does it mean if a plant cell is plasmolysed?

A

If a cell is plasmolysed, the cell membrane shrinks away from the cell wall.

45
Q

What happens if a plant cell is placed in a dilute solution (high water potential outside)?

A

A dilute solution is when the solvent is watered down meaning there are lots of water molecules in the solution, thus there is high water potential outside the plant cell. This causes water to move into the cell by osmosis, which increases the turgor pressure, leading to the cell becoming turgid.

46
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

Turgor pressure is caused by water pushing on the cell membrane and cell wall.

47
Q

How does water move into the roots of plants?

A

Water moves into the roots of plants by osmosis and into the roots of plants through the root hair cells. Water moves from the soil (a region with higher water potential) to the roots (to the xylem - region of lower water potential).

48
Q

What is osmosis also responsible for?

A

Osmosis is also responsible for the opening of guard cells in the leaf.

49
Q

How are plants supported by the pressure of the water inside the cells?

A

The pressure of the water inside the cells (turgor pressure) prevents wilting.

50
Q

How does water move into animals cells?

A

Water moves in and out of anomal cells through the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm made up of mainly animal cells.

51
Q

What happens if an animal cell is immersed in a solution with a lower water potential?

A

If an animal cell, such as a red blood cell is immersed in a solution with lower water potential (high conc of solvent), water will move out of the cell. The animal cell looses water by osmosis. This causes it to shrivel and become crenated.

52
Q

What happens if an animal cell is immersed in a solution with a higher water potential?

A

If an animal cell, such as a red blood cell is immersed in a solution with higher water potential than inside, water will move into the cell. If too much water moves into the cell, it may burst. - kills the cell.

Biology (16 decks)

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