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Biology > B6 Animal nutrition > Flashcards

B6 Animal nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

A balanced diet is all the food groups in the correct proportions needed for growth and repair.

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2
Q

What are the 9 nutrients we need?

A

-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Lipids/fats
-Fibre
-Water
-Vitamin C (vitamins)
-Vitamin D (vitamins)
-Calcium (minerals)
-Iron (minerals)

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3
Q

What is the dietary importance of carbohydrates and what are its principal sources?

A

Carbohydrates are used as a source of energy in respiration cells.
-Bread.
-Cereals.
-Pasta.

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4
Q

What is the dietary importance of protein and what are its principal sources?

A

Protein is used for growth and repair.
-Meat.
-Fish.
-Eggs.

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5
Q

What is the dietary importance of lipids/fats and what are its principal sources?

A

Fats/lipids are use for insulation and energy storage.
-Butter.
-Oil.
-Cheese.

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6
Q

What is the dietary importance of fibre and what are its principal sources?

A

Fibre provides bulk (roughage) for the intestine to push food through it.
-Vegetables.
-Whole-grains

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7
Q

What is the dietary importance of water and what are its principal sources?

A

Water is needed for chemical reactions to take place in cells.
-Water.
-Juice.
-Fruits.

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8
Q

What is the dietary importance of vitamins?

A

Vitamins are needed in small quantities to maintain health.

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9
Q

What is the dietary importance of vitamin C and what are its principal sources?

A

Vitamin C is used in the synthesis of proteins which make up skin, ligaments and bloods vessels.
-Citrus fruits.

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10
Q

What is the dietary importance of vitamin D and what are its principal sources?

A

Vitamin D helps in the uptake of calcium during digestion and maintaining healthy bones.
-Fatty fish - salmon.
-Mushrooms.

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11
Q

What is the dietary importance of minerals?

A

Minerals are needed in small quantities to maintain health.

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12
Q

What is the dietary importance of calcium and what are the principal sources?

A

Calcium is needed for healthy bones and teeth and blood clotting.
-Dairy products - milk, cheese, eggs.
-Fish.

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13
Q

What is the dietary importance of iron and what are the principal sources?

A

Iron is used to transport oxygen around the body in blood for cells to use in respiration. It is also needed to make haemoglobin.
-Red meat.
-Spinach.

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14
Q

How does age affect the dietary needs of individuals?

A

Age - The amount of energy that young people need increases towards adulthood. Energy is needed for growth. Therefore, children need more protein than adults as this is required for growth. Energy needs of adults decrease as they age.

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15
Q

How do activity levels affect the dietary needs of individuals?

A

Activity levels - The more active a person is, the more energy required for movement as muscles are more and respiring faster.

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16
Q

How does pregnancy affect the dietary needs of individuals?

A

Pregnancy - During pregnancy, energy requirements increase as energy is needed to support the growth of the developing foetus as well as the larger mass that the mother needs to carry around.
Extra calcium and iron is needed to help build the bones, teeth and blood of a foetus.

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17
Q

How does breastfeeding affect the dietary needs of individuals?

A

Breastfeeding - Energy requirements increase and extra calcium is still needed to make high quality breast milk.

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18
Q

What is starvation and what are the effects of it?

A

Starvation is eating too little food.
Leads to weight loss, organ damage, muscle atrophy and death (most severe cases).

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19
Q

What is constipation and what are the effects of it?

A

Constipation is as a result of a lack of fibre.
Leads to pain, stomach ache and inability to defecate.

20
Q

What is coronary heart disease and what are the effects of it?

A

Coronary heart disease is a build up of cholesterol (eating too much of saturated fats).
A build up of cholesterol in coronary arteries which limits blood flow to the heart and can cause heart attacks.

21
Q

What is obesity and what are the effects of it?

A

Obesity is eating too much food.
Leads to diabetes, high blood pressure, strokes and heart diseases.

22
Q

What is scurvy and what are the effects of it?

A

Scurvy is as a result of a lack of vitamin C.
Leads to anaemia, exhaustion, tooth loss, gum ulcerations and pain in limbs.

23
Q

What is rickets and what are the effects of it?

A

Rickets is as a result of a lack of vitamin D.
It is a condition in children. It is when they have poor bone development.
Leads to a lack of bone growth, back pain and soft weak bones.

24
Q

What is anaemia and what are the effects of it?

A

Anaemia is as a result of a lack of iron.
Leads to tiredness, weakness and shortness of breath.

25
Q

What is kwashiorkor and what are the effects of it?

A

Kwashiorkor is a severe protein deficiency.
Leads to fatigue, growth failure, loss of muscle mass and a large protuberant belly is common (mostly in children).

26
Q

What is marasmus and what are the effects of it?

A

Marasmus is the most severe form of PEM - a lack of protein and energy.
Leads to weight loss, stunting, dehydration, chronic diarrhoea and stomach shrinkage (common in children and babies).

27
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Ingestion is the taking of substances, e.g. food and drink, into the body through the mouth

28
Q

What is digestion?

A

Digestion is the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, water- soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes.

29
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules.

30
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Chemical digestion is the breakdown smaller pieces with chemical change to the food molecules.

31
Q

What is absorption?

A

Absorption is the movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood.

32
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Assimilation is the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells.

33
Q

What is egestion?

A

Egestion is the passing out of food that has been digested, as faeces, through the anus.

34
Q

What are the main regions of the alimentary canal?

A

-Mouth
-Salivary glands
-Oesophagus
-Stomach
-Small intestine
-Pancreas
-Liver
-Gall bladder
-Large intestine
-Anus

35
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A

Mouth - food is mechanically digested. Teeth chew food to break it into smaller pieces and increase its surface area to volume ratio.

36
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands?

A

Salivary glands release saliva which contains amylase. The amylase enzymes chemically digest starch into maltose. Food is shaped into a bolus by tongue and lubricated in saliva so it can be easily swallowed.

37
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

The oesophagus is the tube that connects the mouth the stomach (where the food bolus goes after being swallowed). Peristalsis takes place here.

38
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

In the stomach, food is mechanically digested by churning actions. Protease enzymes start to chemically digest proteins. Hydrochloric acid is present to kill bacteria in food and provide/maintain optimum pH for protease enzymes to work.

39
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

The small intestine consist of the duodenum and ileum. pH of the small intestine is slightly acidic (8/9).

40
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

In the duodenum, food coming out of the stomach finishes being digested by lipase, protease and amylase that was secreted from the pancreas. (To break down molecules). Activity of stomach neutralised.
Absorption of nutrients begins here.

41
Q

What is the function of the ileum?

A

In the ileum, there is absorption of digested food molecules. The ileum is long lined with villi to increase the surface area over which absorption can take place.

42
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

In the pancreas, all three types of digestive enzymes are produced - amylase, protease and lipase.
Secretes enzymes in an alkaline fluid known as pancreatic juice into the duodenum for digestion to raise pH of fluid coming out of the stomach.

43
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

The liver produces bile. Bile is secreted into small intestine.

44
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A

Functions of bile:
-neutralises acidic conditions of the stomach (since bile is alkaline) to provide suitable pH for the enzymes to work.
-Emulsifies fats to increase the surface area for the chemical digestion of fat to fatty acids and glycerol by lipase.

45
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

The gall bladder stores bile before it is released into the small intestine (duodenum).

46
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Indigestible food passes through the large intestine.

47
Q

What is the function of the anus?

A

In the anus, the food waste’s journey is complete. Food waste exits through anus (digestive tract).

Biology (16 decks)

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