CV System - Regulation of Heart Responses Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of stroke volume SV

A

The volume of blood that leaves the heart during each contraction

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2
Q

What is the unit for cardiac output

A

L / Min or Ml / Min

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3
Q

What is the equation of cardiac output

A

HR X SV

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4
Q

what is the definition of cardiac output

A

The amount of blood The heart pumps out per minute

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5
Q

what would the difference be between an a trained person and untrained persons resting heart rate

A

Trained Individuals Resting HR are much lower than untrained individuals

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6
Q

why is a trained person resting heart rate lower than untrained person

A

cardiac hypertrophy -> heart is bigger -> pumps more blood -> larger SV ->increased size of chambers -> bigger SV -> heart doesn’t have to beat as many times

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7
Q

What is the sympathetic system

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds heart rate

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8
Q

What is the Parasympathetic System

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate

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9
Q

What is the medulla oblongata

A

The most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate

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10
Q

What is the ANS

A

Autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

What does the ANS do

A

Determines the rate at which the SAN sends out impulses

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12
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system increase HR

A

It releases adrenaline

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13
Q

What does adrenaline increase in the sympathetic nervous system

A

It increases the strength of ventricular contraction which then increases stroke volume

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14
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system what does noradrenaline do

A

Aids the spread of electrical impulse throughout the heart, increasing HR

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15
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system what does an increased metabolic rate cause

A

Increased CO2 and lactic acid, decrease in blood PH (more acidic)

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16
Q

How are the changes of an increased metabolic rate picked up

A

By the chemoreceptors and they inform the sympathetic system to increase HR to flush out the waste products. This results in an increased cardiac output

17
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

The nervous system that slows the speed of the heart down which decreases HR

18
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do to lower the heart rate

A

Releases Acetylocholine which slows the spread of impulses throughout the heart, this results in a lower heart rate

19
Q

What are receptors

A

Part of the nervous system that detects changes in the body.

20
Q

What do chemoreceptors do

A

Detect changes in CO2 - an increased concentraton in The blood will stimulate The sympathetic nervous system- which means The heart will beat faster

21
Q

What do baroreceptors do

A

Detect changes in blood pressure- Baroreceptors establish set points for blood pressure - an increase or decrease above or below this set point results in The Baroreceptors sending signals to The medulla oblongata

22
Q

What do proprioceptors do

A

Increases HR when muscle movement increases

23
Q

What is adrenaline

A

A stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise which causes an increase in heart rate

24
Q

What is ejection fraction

A

The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat

25
Q

What is the diastole phase

A

When the heart relaxes to fill with blood

26
Q

What does stroke volume depend on

A

Venous return - The elasticity of cardiac fibres - contractility of cardiac tissue

27
Q

How does venous return affect stroke volume

A

If the venous return increases then stroke volume will increase

28
Q

What is venous return

A

The volume of blood return to the heart via veins

29
Q

How does the elasticity of cardiac fibres affect stroke volume

A

The more the cardiac fibres can stretch, the greater the force of contraction (which also increases ejection fraction - starlings law)

30
Q

What is starlings law

A

Increased venous return -> greater diastolic filling of the heart -> cardiac muscle stretched -> more force of contraction -> increased ejection fraction

31
Q

What is cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the hearts ventricles per minute

32
Q

How does the contractility of cardiac tissue affect stroke volume

A

The greater the contractility of cardiac tissue, the greater the force of contraction

33
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output

A

Cardiac Output (Q) = Stroke volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)

34
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy

A

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger

35
Q

What is bradycardia

A

A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 beats per minute

36
Q

How does having a bigger heart affect cardiac output

A

Enables more blood to be pumped out and as a result the blood doesn’t need to pump as often so resting HR decreases

37
Q

How do u calculate maximum heart rate

A

220 - your age

38
Q

what is cardiovascular drift

A

Cardiovascular drift occurs after a period of exercise -> HR increase -> stroke volume decreases -> because fluid is lost as sweat -> resulting in a reduced plasma volume -> reduced venous return -> cardiac output increases (no energy needed to cool the body)