Imaging in endocrinology

Question 1

Microadenoma size

Answer 1

<10mm

Question 2

What tumour can cause bitemporal hemianopia?

Answer 2

pituitary adenoma
compresses optic chiasm

Question 3

Most common causes of benign thyroid nodules

Answer 3

cysts
adenomas
thyroiditis
colloid nodules

Question 4

What features would be suspicious on a thyroid ultrasouns?

Answer 4

pure solid nodules
irregular margins
invading tissues
presence of microcalcificationW

Question 5

What is thyroid scintigraphy?

Answer 5

a diagnostic nuclear medicine test that provides information about the structure and function of the thyroid

99mTc-pertechnetate

Question 6

How many parathyroid glands is normal?

Answer 6

usually 4 (2-6)
lie behind thyroid

Question 7

Hypoparathyroidism causes

Answer 7

accidental removal of glands
associated with autoimmune (eg. addisons, pernicious anaemia, chronic thyroiditis)
DiGeorge syndrome
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism

Question 8

What is primary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 8

one or more of the parathyroid glands makes too much hormone

Question 9

What is secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 9

occurs due to another disease that first causes low calcium levels in the body. Over time, increased parathyroid hormone levels occur as the body fights to keep the calcium level up in the standard range. This is common in kidney disease and after certain intestinal surgeries or diseases

Question 10

What is tertiary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 10

occurs when an excess of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by parathyroid glands, usually after longstanding secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 11

Where do parathyroid glands arise from embryologically?

Answer 11

endoderm of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches

Question 12

Most common primary carcinomas causing adrenal metastases

Answer 12

lung carcinoma
melanoma
colorectal carcinoma
breast carcinoma
pancreatic carcinoma