rivers - river tees

Question 1

drainage basin

Answer 1

area that runs into river

Question 2

v-shaped valley

Answer 2

valley - steep
river - narrow, shallow, turbulent

Question 3

downstream

Answer 3

deeper and wider due to tributaries leading into it, less steap
less water incontact with bed and banks, velocity increases, large sediment load
valley - very wide and flat

Question 4

upstream

Answer 4

narrow, shallow, turbulent - friction slows rate of flow
could encounter rapids (channel narrows, river deeper) which move faster
v-shaped valley - steep sided, v-shaped

Question 5

vertical erosion

Answer 5

downwards

Question 6

lateral erosion

Answer 6

across

Question 7

deposition

Answer 7

when velocity of river decreases
no longer enough energy to transport sediment so is deposited
larger rocks upstream
finer sediment on river beds or banks further downstream
large amount at mouth when joins with tide along with very gentle gradient reducing river’s velocity

Question 8

interlocking spurs

Answer 8

upstream, river not powerful enough to flow through so flow around

Question 9

waterfalls

Answer 9

when river bed changes from harder rock to softer rock. soft rock eroded, harder isnt so drops and the hydraulic action creates plunge pool, undercut waterfall, hard rocks collapses and water fall retreats up stream
can also form when drop in sea level causes river to cut down into its bed creating a step (knick-point) in long profile of river

Question 10

gorges

Answer 10

formed by waterfall retreating over many many years
at end of last glacial period huge quantities of water from melting glaciers poured off upland areas
some gorges form on limestone as a result of collapse of underground caverns

Question 11

uk landscapes in general

Answer 11

wide variety of rock types responsible for creating our varying landscapes
more mountainous in north, south west, and wales, major rivers all around the country, coast around the whole island

Question 12

hydraulic action

Answer 12

force of water hitting river bed and banks, most effective when water is moving fast and when there is lots of it

Question 13

abrasion

Answer 13

when load carried by river repeatedly hits the bed or banks dislodging particles into flow of river

Question 14

attrition

Answer 14

when stones carried by river knock against each other, gradually making stones smaller and more rounded

Question 15

solution

Answer 15

when river flows over limestones or chalk, rock slowly dissolves because it is soluble in mildly acidic river water.

Question 16

traction

Answer 16

large particles rolled along river bed

Question 17

saltation

Answer 17

bouncing of particles too heavy to be suspended

Question 18

suspension

Answer 18

small sediment carried suspended in water

Question 19

solution

Answer 19

load dissolved in water

Question 20

meanders

Answer 20

wide bends of river (mostly in lowland areas), most efficient channel for heavily laden river as it flows over fine sediment on very gentle slopes
result of lateral erosion and deposition
line of fastest flow swings from side to side, causing erosion on outside bend and deposition on inside bend because there is less energy

Question 21

ox-bow lakes

Answer 21

meanders migrate across valley flow, may start to erode towards each other, neck narrows, water takes path of least resistance and breaks through neck, forms new straighter channel, old meander loop cut off by deposition to form ox-bow lake

Question 22

floodplains

Answer 22

wide flat area of marshy land on either side of a river, in middle and lower courses, made by from sediment deposited when river floods, makes it flat, layers and layers build up - used for farming as very fertile
meanders migrate across floodplain, reach the edge, erode valley side, makes floodplain wide

Question 23

levee

Answer 23

raised river bed, along side river in lower course, formed by flooding over many years, ridge of sediment deposited naturally
lowflow = more deposition, raises river bed, reduces channel capacity. flood occurs, river flows over sides, velocity decreases, depositions of sediment on banks occurs, height of banks increases

Question 24

estuaries

Answer 24

transitional zones between river and coastal environment, affected by wave action and river processes
during rising tide, river can’t flow into sea, velocity falls, sediment deposited, form extensive mudflats at low tide - develop into important natural habitats called salt marshes

Question 25

where is the river tees

Answer 25

large river in north east of england, source high in pennine hills near cross fell, flows roughly east for about 130km, reaches north sea at middlebrough

Question 26

upper tees in pennine hills

Answer 26

high moorlands absorb high levels of rainfall, water seeps out of peaty wetlands, creates small streams which merge to form river
cow green reservoir formed by construction of large dam between 1967 and 1971 to supply water to heavy industries, helps to moderate river flow downstream - stores water to reduce risk of flooding and releasing it during periods of drought

Question 27

high force waterfall and gorge

Answer 27

one of uk’s most impressive waterfalls, located close to forest-in-teesdale in river’s upper course
drops 20m and water continues through gorge
formed by resistant band of igneous rock called dolerite
river has formed ‘step’ (high force) in its long profile as is unable to erode the tough rock
softer rock is limestone and sandstones (sedimentary)

Question 28

meanders levees and floodplains on tees

Answer 28

near darlington - half way along tees course, town of yarm has developed in a meander - provides defensive advantages for settlements
largely flat area

Question 29

river estuary on tees

Answer 29

where tees flows into north sea just north of middlesbrough is an estuary (up to 1 km across)
extensive mud desposits from deposition - used for industrial developments such as oil refineries and chemical works