Chapter 4: Enzymes (introduction)

Question 1

rod-shaped bacterium originally discovered in hot spring in Yellowstone National Park

Answer 1

Thermus aquaticus

Question 2

Thermus aquaticus can survive what temp?

Answer 2

50C to 80C

Question 3

Why can these organisms survive at extreme temperatures that would cook likfe-forms with which we are more familiar

Answer 3

enzymes are held together by many more attractive forces

Question 4

laboratory technique for rapidly producing (amplifying) millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA, which can then be studied in greater detail

Answer 4

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 5

Steps in PCR

Answer 5

1. denaturation of helical DNA (94-96C)
2. annealing (68C)
3. elongation (72C)

Question 6

can withstand the temperature constraints of PCR

Answer 6

Taq polymerase

Question 7

when was biological catalysis first recognized?

Answer 7

1700s

Question 8

how was biological catalysis first recognized

Answer 8

studies on digestion of meat by secretions of the stomach

Question 9

converion of starch to sugar by saliva and other plant extracts

Answer 9

1800s

Question 10

when and who:
fermentation of sugar into alcohol by yeast is catalyzed by “ferments”

Answer 10

1850s
Louis Pasteur

Question 11

Louis Pasteur postulated that __ were inseperable from the structure of living yeast cells

Answer 11

ferments

Question 12

theory that an organic molecule cannot be produced from inorganic molecules, but instead can only be produced from a living organism or some part of a living organism

Answer 12

Vitalism

Question 13

when and who:
- yeast extracts could ferment sugar to alcohol
- proving that fermentation was promoted by molecules that continued to function when removed from cells

Answer 13

1897
Eduard Buchner

Question 14

gave the name enzymes to the molecules detected by Buchner

Answer 14

Frederich W. Kühne

Question 15

enzyme name

Answer 15

Greek
en = inside
zymos = yeast

Question 16

when and who:
- isolation and crystallization of urease
- postulated that all enzymes are protein

Answer 16

1926
James Sumner

Question 17

when and who:
- crystallized pepsin, trypsin, and other digestive enzymes
- found them also to be protein

Answer 17

1930s
- John Northrop
- Moses Kunitz

Question 18

made the remarkable suggestion that weak bonding interactions between an enzyme and its substrate might be used to catalyze a reaction

Answer 18

J.B.S. Haldane

Question 19

what did J.B.S. Haldane write

Answer 19

treatise “Enzymes”

Question 20

living organisms seethe with __ __

Answer 20

metabolic activity

Question 21

virtually all of these transformations are mediated by what

Answer 21

enzymes

Question 22

enzymes

Answer 22

proteins (& occ. RNA; ribozymes) specialized to catalyze metablic reactions

Question 23

catalysis allow the cell to what

Answer 23

harvest energy

Question 24

enzymes also catalyze the biosynthetic reactions that produce the great variety of what

Answer 24

molecules required for cellular life

Question 25

how much of the human genome encode enzymes

Answer 25

a quarter of the genes