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z - CHM040 - Biomolecules > Chapter 5: Nucleic Acids (Transcription) > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Nucleic Acids (Transcription) Flashcards

1
Q

states that in cells, the flow of genetic information contained in DNA is a one-way street that leads from DNA to RNA to protein

A

central dogma

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2
Q

no. of base pairs of DNA in humans

A

50 million to 300 million

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3
Q

no. of nucleotides in RNA

A

75 to few thousands nucleotides

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4
Q

similarities between DNA and RNA

A
  • nucleic acids
  • composed of nucleotides
  • sugar-phosphate backbone
  • nitrogenous bases
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5
Q

Types of RNA

A
  1. heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
  2. messenger RNA (mRNA)
  3. small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
  4. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  5. transfer RNA (tRNA)
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6
Q

RNA formed directly by DNA transcription

A

heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

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7
Q

converts the hnRNA to mRNA

A

post-transcription processing

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8
Q

RNA that carries instructions for protein synthesis to the sites for protein synthesis

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

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9
Q
  • RNA that facilitates the conversion of hnRNA to mRNA
  • contains 100 to 200 nucleotides
A

small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

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10
Q

small nuclear RNA (snRNA) contains how many nucleotides

A

100 to 200

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11
Q
  • RNA that combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes, the physical site for protein synthesis
  • has no informational function
A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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12
Q
  • RNA that delivers amino acids to sites for protein synthesis
  • smallest of the RNAs, possessing only 75 to 90 nucleotide units
A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

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13
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA) contains how many nucleotides

A

only 75 to 90

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14
Q

any part of a gene that will form part of the final mature RNA

A

exon

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15
Q

noncoding sections of an RNA transcript, or the DNA encoding it, that are spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated into a protein

A

Introns

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16
Q
  • biological process where a newly synthesized pre-mRNA transcript is processed and transformed into mRNA
  • involves the removing of non-coding regions of RNA (introns) and the joining of the coding regions (exons)
A

RNA splicing

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17
Q

in RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are covalently joined to one another as part of generating __ __

A

mature RNA

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18
Q

entire set of exons constitute __

A

exome

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19
Q

RNA molecules differ from DNA molecules in that they are

A

single stranded

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20
Q

m in the designation mRNA stands for

A

messenger

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21
Q

t in the designation tRNA stands for

A

transfer

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22
Q

involved in the transcription phase of protein synthesis

A

hnRNA

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23
Q

process by which DNA directs the syntheis of hnRNA/mRNA molecules that carry the coded information needed for protein synthesis

A

transcription

24
Q

messenger RNA production via transcription is actually a two step in which

A
  1. hnRNA molecules is initally produced
  2. edited to yield desired mRNA molecule
25
Q

Transcription steps

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation/synthesis of RNA transript
  3. termination
26
Q

binding of RNA polymerase to a specific nucleotide sequence, the promoter, at the beginning of a gene

A

initiation

27
Q

transcription produces a complementary copy of only __ of the two strands of DNA

A

one

28
Q

begins as the RNA polymerase “reads” the DNA template strand and catalyze the polymerization of a complementary RNA copy

A

chain elongation

29
Q

during RNA synthesis, how many base pairs of DNA template strand are exposed at a time

A

10 base pairs

30
Q

is involved in the linkage of ribonucleotides, one by one, to the growing hnRNA molecule

A

RNA polymerase

31
Q

direction of RNA polymerase movement

A

5’ to 3’

32
Q

the RNA polymerase finds a termination sequence at the end of the gene

A

termination

33
Q

in eukaryotes, transcription produces a primary transcript that must undergo ______ before it is exported out of the nucleus for translatio in the cytoplasm

A

post-transcriptional modification

33
Q

Three post transcriptional modification

A
  1. 5’-methylated cap structure
  2. poly(A) tail
  3. RNA splicing (eukaryotes)
33
Q

required for efficient translation of the final mature mRNA

A

5’-methylated cap structure

34
Q

protects the 3’ end of the mRNA from enzymatic degradation and thus prolongs the lifetime of the mRNA

A

poly(A) tail

35
Q

removal of portions of the primary transcript that are not protein coding

A

RNA splicing (eukaryotes)

36
Q

mark the boundaries of the introns

A

signals

37
Q

bacterial genes are __; all the nucleotide sequences of the gener are found in the mRNA

A

continuous

38
Q

contains protein coding exons, and noncoding introns

A

beta-globin gene

39
Q

required its assistance during recognition of the splice boundaries and stabilization of the splicing complex

A

spliceosomes

40
Q

what are spliceosomes made out of

A

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

41
Q

catalytically active RNA molecules or RNA–protein complexes, in which solely the RNA provides catalytic activity

A

Ribozymes

42
Q

process by which several different proteins that are variations of a basic structural motif can be produced from a single gene

A

alternative splicing

43
Q

machinery that bridges the genome-proteome gap

A

spliceosome

44
Q

what occurs during the transcription phase of protein synthesis

A

partial unwinding of DNA double helix

45
Q

what is the complementary hnRNA base sequence produced from DNA base sequence 5’ C-T-A-T-A-C 3’

A

3’ G-A-U-A-U-G 5’

46
Q

location in DNA strand carrying information needed for synthesis of a specific hnRNA molecule

A

gene

47
Q

types of RNA contains introns and exons

A

hnRNA

48
Q

proposed that there are only four letters in the DNA alphabet (A, T, G, C)

A

George Gamow

49
Q

code that is sufficient to encode the twenty amino acids but not too excessive

A

4^3 = 64 combinations

50
Q

sequence of amino acids in a mRNA that determines the amino acid order for the protein

A

genetic code

51
Q

triplet in mRNA that translates to a specific amino acid

A

codon

52
Q
  • trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule
  • complementary to a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence
A

Anticodon

53
Q

three codons that are stop signals for protein synthesis

A
  • UAA
  • UGA
  • UAG
53
Q
  • start codon
  • codes for amino acid methionine if found elsewhere
A

AUG

z - CHM040 - Biomolecules (15 decks)

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