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PSYC 104 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Affect

A

Emotion

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2
Q

Behaviors

A

What a person does, attitudes and behaviors tend to be related

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3
Q

Cognition

A

thoughts, realizations

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4
Q

Self-report

A

people report their attitudes directly, often use Likert scales

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5
Q

Attitude centrality

A

report attitudes about several topics within a domain, the more a topic is linked to other topics the more central the topic is to a person

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6
Q

Implicit attitudes

A

Attitudes we are not conscious of; Measuring implicit bias is preferred when the topic is very affected by social desirability

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7
Q

Social desirability

A

the desire to want to respond to a question in a way the person perceives to be socially
acceptable

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8
Q

Attitudes and behavior

A

Attitudes can predict behavior when the attitude is specific to the behavior; Stronger attitudes predict behavior better than weaker attitudes

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9
Q

Implicit attitudes test

A

Measures differences in response times between classifying certain groups. Faster response time indicates stronger association

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10
Q

Physiological reactions

A

Measure changes in physiological measures in response to an attitude object; eg: heartrate, sweat etc

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11
Q

Attitudes and predicting behavior

A

Attitudes only weakly predict behavior, there are other factors that affect behavior: norms, context, personality

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12
Q

Attitudes and predicting behavior (2)

A

Attitudes can predict behavior when the attitude is specific to the behavior, engagement with the target of the attitude aligns attitudes and behavior

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13
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

A person is uncomfortable with conflicting thoughts, affects, and behaviors

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14
Q

Reducing cognitive dissonance

A

Change your cognition or affect, change your behavior, effort justification, spreading of alternatives, self-affirmation

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15
Q

Effort justification

A

reducing dissonance from a disappointing or unpleasant outcome by justifying decision with time, effort, or money devoted to it

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16
Q

Spreading of Alternatives

A

rationalizing a choice you have made to reflect greater confidence in the choice you made versus the choice you rejected

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17
Q

Unethical amnesia

A

may just not remember times in the past we acted unethically, so we don’t feel
dissonance

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18
Q

Induced (forced) compliance

A

inducing dissonance in someone by having the person behave in a way counter to their beliefs/attitudes, this dissonance leads the person to change their attitude (because they can’t
change their past behavior)

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19
Q

Cognitive dissonance in western cultures

A

Seen when choices are made for oneself; don’t experience much dissonance when making choices for others

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20
Q

Cognitive dissonance in Asian cultures

A

More cognitive dissonance when making choices for others; none when making personal choices

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21
Q

Bem’s self-perception theory

A

Attitudes are formed by our behavior; one is the observer of oneself

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22
Q

Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance vs. Bem’s Self-perception Theory

A

Evidence that people experience arousal when they hold competing cognitions or behaviors; Weak attitudes may be inferred from behavior

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23
Q

System Justification theory

A

People are motivated to see existing sociopolitical systems as desirable, fair, and legitimate; Easier to maintain the status quo than effect change; use of stereotypes and victim blaming when system is threatened

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24
Q

Terror management theory

A

We are motivated by the fear of death, people don’t want to die and want to leave legacy behind when they do die; Fear of death motivates individual behaviors and ‘cultural
worldview’

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25
Q

Cultural worldview

A

Relates to self-esteem by considering how much a person contributes to their society and are important members of that society

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26
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

2 routes of persuasion: Central or peripheral; Many factors contribute to which route we use to process persuasive messages

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27
Q

Central route

A

Controlled processing; careful, deliberate thought

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28
Q

Peripheral route

A

Automatic processing; superficial, easy to process thinking; what is apparent; requires less time and energy

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29
Q

Source characteristics

A

Traits of the person communicating the message: attractiveness, credibility, confidence/certainty

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30
Q

Message characteristics

A

The content of the message effect how persuasive it is: quality, vividness, use of fear

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31
Q

Identifiable victim effect

A

Presenting audience with an example of a person (or animal) is more persuasive than statistics

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32
Q

Audience characteristics

A

Audience characteristics effect persuaded the audience will be: mood, age, desire to think things through

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33
Q

Need for cognition

A

preferring to think deeply, liking to solving problems, considering both sides
of an argument

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34
Q

Metacognition

A

Thoughts about our thoughts

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35
Q

Primary cognition

A

The first thought we have

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36
Q

Secondary cognition

A

the thought we have reflecting on the first thought; these cognitions can influence persuasion

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37
Q

Self-validation hypothesis

A

Feeling confident about our thoughts further validates those thoughts and those thoughts are more likely to be endorsed

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38
Q

Shared attention

A

when people know other people are also watching an event simultaneously,
they exhibit more controlled processing

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39
Q

Agenda control

A

media sources can manage what information we get and how that information is
interpreted

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40
Q

Resistance to Persuasion

A

Selective attention and selective evaluation

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41
Q

Selective attention

A

pay attention to information that confirms our attitudes

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42
Q

Selective evaluation

A

Evaluate and discount the validity of information counter to our attitudes, less critical of information that confirms our
attitudes

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43
Q

Thought polarization hypothesis

A

the more thought given to an attitude, the more entrenched and extreme the attitude becomes

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44
Q

Resistance

A

Publicly expressing one’s attitudes makes people less likely to change those attitudes; People with more knowledge about an attitude object are less likely to be persuaded

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45
Q

Attitude inoculation

A

when people who endorse an attitude are faced with a mild attack on that attitude that they can refute, the next time the attitude is strongly attacked they are less persuaded by the attack compared to if the
attitude was never mildly attacked before

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46
Q

Social influence

A

How people affect one another’s behaviors and attitudes

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47
Q

Conformity

A

Changing one’s behaviors or attitudes as a result of pressure

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48
Q

Compliance

A

fulfilling an explicit request made by another person

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49
Q

Obedience

A

Submitting to the demand of an authority figure

50
Q

Automatic mimicry

A

Mindlessly imitating the actions of others

51
Q

Ideomotor action

A

The mere thought of a behavior makes us perform that behavior

52
Q

Informational social influence

A

sing other’s comments or behavior as information which influences the person

53
Q

Normative social influence

A

influence resulting from avoiding being criticized, insulted, or shunned

54
Q

Tight cultures

A

Strong norms; Intolerant of deviance from norms, dissent; More likely to have dictatorial/autocratic governments, regulate and monitor behavior, control media

55
Q

Loose culture

A

Weak norms; More tolerant of deviance from norms, dissent

56
Q

Reasons for compliance

A

There is good reason, Emotional appeals, Everyone else is doing it

57
Q

Norm of reciprocity

A

the widely accepted idea that if someone does something for you, you should do something in return

58
Q

Reciprocal concessions technique (door-in-the-face)

A

start with a large request, after being denied, ask for a smaller request

59
Q

Foot-in-the-door technique

A

make small request, after compliance, make larger request (target request)

60
Q

Negative state relief hypothesis

A

certain actions like compliance can relieve one of negative emotions and
let person feel better about oneself

61
Q

Descriptive norm

A

behavior exhibited by most people in a given context

62
Q

Prescriptive (Injunctive) norm

A

The way people are supposed to behave

63
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A

misperception of a group norm that results from observing people who are acting at variance with their private beliefs out of a concern for the social consequences; those actions reinforce the
erroneous group norm

64
Q

Reactance theory

A

people disobey because of the negative feelings caused by a limit on their free will

65
Q

Communal relationships

A

Feel responsibility for one another; Give and receive according to the Principle of Need; often long-term

66
Q

Exchange relationships

A

Feel little responsibility for one another; Give and receive according to reciprocity and equity; Often short-term

67
Q

Social exchange theory

A

People want to maximize their satisfaction; Interactions are based on getting rewards; If there are no interactions that will result in a reward, people will choose the interaction/relationship that minimizes the costs

68
Q

Comparison level

A

expectations about what they will get from the relationship

69
Q

Comparison level of alternatives

A

expectations about what they could get from other
relationships

70
Q

Equity theory

A

People want relationships that are equitable, each person gives as much as they take; more important to individualistic cultures than collectivist cultures

71
Q

Attachment theory

A

Early attachment with one’s parents influences relationship for the rest of a person’s life

72
Q

Secure attachment style

A

easily forms relationships with others, able to form close relationships, can depend on others and others can depend on them, not concerned about
abandonment

73
Q

Avoidant attachment style

A

hard to form relationships, hard to trust another person and depend on them, uncomfortable
with another person trying to become close with them

74
Q

Anxious/ambivalent attachment style

A

very anxious about being abandoned, find others do not want to be as close as
they do, this need for intimacy may drive others away

75
Q

Companionate love

A

Love between friends and family, built on trust, wanting to be around one another, sharing
activities

76
Q

Compassionate love

A

love built on people attending to one another’s needs

77
Q

Romantic/passionate love

A

Love built on intense emotion and sexual desire

78
Q

Intimacy (romantic love)

A

feeling comfortable and secure with the other person, and incorporating traits, perspectives and experiences of the other person into one’s self-concept

79
Q

3 factors of commitment

A

Satisfaction, lack of alternative partners, investment in the relationship

80
Q

4 behaviors that contribute to an unsatisfying relationship

A

Criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling, contempt

81
Q

Functional distance

A

Not just closest distance, but closest distance accounting for architectural design

82
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

The more we are in contact with a person or thing, the more we like the person or thing

83
Q

Status exchange hypothesis

A

we chose to be with someone who is higher status in one area (ex. family social status) and that person gets a status boost from us (ex. having higher educational attainment than partner)

84
Q

Halo effect

A

Assuming physically attractive people also possess other positive traits

85
Q

Stereotypes

A

Schemas or mental shortcuts that help us categorize a group of people

86
Q

Dominance perspective

A

certain group memberships become most important when stereotyping

87
Q

Integration perspective

A

all group memberships are accounted for in stereotyping

88
Q

Compartmentalization

A

context determines whether one identity becomes the focus of stereotyping or whether an intersection of identities becomes the focus of stereotyping

89
Q

Prejudice

A

Feelings or affective responses to a group or its members; Associated with a stereotype

90
Q

Modern racism

A

not endorsing explicitly racist beliefs but still having animosity toward another racial group and feeling uncomfortable when interacting with that group

91
Q

Ambivalent sexism/racism

A

Prejudice can be a mixture of positive and negative affect and beliefs

92
Q

Benevolent sexism/racism

A

Positive views of target group members who maintain traditional roles and fulfill positive stereotypes; believing women need protection

93
Q

Hostile sexism/racism

A

Disliking women nontraditional roles, feeling women/people of other
races are usurping men’s/their racial group’s power

94
Q

Discrimination

A

Inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people based on the groups they belong to

95
Q

Realistic group conflict theory

A

competition for resources between groups gives rise to conflict, which prompts prejudice, and discrimination

96
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

believing your group is superior while vilifying other groups

97
Q

Social identity theory

A

a person incorporates both individual accomplishments and group accomplishments from their group memberships into their identity

98
Q

Basking in reflected glory

A

another group member’s or the group’s accomplishment are considered the individuals accomplishment

99
Q

Paired distinctiveness

A

Illusionary correlation formed between two distinctive events

100
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecies

A

expectations lead to unconscious behaviors that lead to expectations being
fulfilled

101
Q

Subtyping

A

for examples of people who contradict stereotypes, a new subgroup is developed

102
Q

Outgroup homogeneity effect

A

Tendency to see an outgroup as having more similar members than one’s
ingroup

103
Q

Own-race identification bias

A

Tendency to be able to recognize and distinguish faces from one’s own race
than from another race

104
Q

Stereotype threat

A

When knowledge of a stereotype about one’s group results in poor performance (confirming stereotype)

105
Q

Attribution ambiguity

A

It can be difficult for a person to determine if they were discriminated against

106
Q

What is the best approach to reducing prejudice and discrimination

A

Multicultural approach; NOT colorblind (can be used to mask discrimination

107
Q

Contact theory

A

Prejudice can be reduced by have outgroup members interact with one another

108
Q

Contact theory: 4 conditions for ideal contact

A

Institutional support, equal status, common goal, cooperation

109
Q

Groups

A

A collection of people who are related in some way that makes them interdependent to significant degree

110
Q

Why do we live in groups?

A

Survival, psychological need

111
Q

Social facilitation

A

How the presence of others impacts one’s performance

112
Q

Theory of mere presence

A

in the presence of others a person will preform dominant response

113
Q

Evaluation apprehension

A

concern when others are evaluating a person

114
Q

Social loafing

A

Tendency to exert less effort in a group task when individual contributions are not monitered

115
Q

Group polarization

A

Tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than those made by individual

116
Q

Risky shift

A

Group decision riskier than the average of decisions made by group members

117
Q

Groupthink

A

Faulty thinking by members of highly cohesive groups in which the critical scrutiny that should be devoted to the issues at hand is subverted by social pressures to reach consensus

118
Q

Approach/inhibition theory

A

theory maintaining that high-power individuals are inclined to pursue their goals and make quick judgments, whereas low-power individuals constrain their behavior and pay more attention to others

119
Q

Deindividuation

A

Tendency to feel less sense of individual identity, and reduced self-regulation when in a large group

120
Q

Individuation

A

Tendency to focus on oneself because of an enhanced sense of individual identity

121
Q

Self-awareness theory

A

the theory that when a person focuses attention inward, they become concerned with self-evaluation and adhering to their values

122
Q

Spotlight effect

A

the belief that more people are paying attention to one’s behavior or appearance than really are

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