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Introduction To Psychology > Unit 6 - Learning, Memory and Thinking > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Learning, Memory and Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

Is the tendency of the stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response

A

Generalization

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2
Q

Is a kind of covert behavior and it is an internal process. May be regarded as a sequence of symbolic processes to implicitly manipulate ideas or objects that are physically absent to the senses.

A

Thinking

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3
Q

The extent to which original and previous learned information still persists. It is used to store and retrieve this information.

A

Memory

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4
Q

Refers to the tendency of a stimulus, which is similar to the one used in training to elicit the same response.

A

Stimulus Generalization

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5
Q

The responses made by an individual are reinforced only part of the time.

A

Partial Reinforcement

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6
Q

Is the simplest kind of learning.

A

Habituation

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7
Q

Refers to the inability to recall a particular piece of information accurately. It means failure to retain what was previously learned. It is the extent with which learned information is lost.

A

Forgetting

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8
Q

Two types of interference theory

A

Proactive Interference
Retroactive Interference

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9
Q

A process that we cannot observe

A

Cognitive Learning

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10
Q

Remembering the behavior either through mental images or language

A

Retention

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11
Q

Being encouraged and motivated to adopt the behavior.

A

Reinforcement

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12
Q

Is a partial recovery in the strength of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest interval.

A

Spontaneous Recovery

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13
Q

Is a type of memory for rules and concept.

A

Semantic

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14
Q

Refers to an event which may enhance or maintain the strength of a response

A

Reinforcement

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15
Q

Defined as a complex process which brings about an enduring change in behavior as a result of practice

A

learning

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16
Q

He is the most prominent social learning theorist who has engaged in many experiments involving learning by observing which otherwise known as vicarious learning or modeling, because a model is being imitated.

A

Albert Bandura

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17
Q

What are the four (4) steps in the process of modeling

A
  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Motoric Reproduction
  • Reinforcement
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18
Q

Kinds of learning

A
  • Habituation
  • Associative Learning
  • Social Learning
  • Skill Learning
  • Verbal Learning
  • Cognitive Learning
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19
Q

This is also called skill memory because it involves how to do things

A

Procedural

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20
Q

The learner is allowed to discover how his behavioral response affects the environment and vice-versa.

A

Operant or Instrumental Conditioning

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21
Q

This is due to the distortion of learned information in the long-term memory.

A

Storage-Based Forgetting

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22
Q

Is the opposite of generalization. It is the process of responding to the variation or differences between stimuli.

A

Discrimination

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23
Q

The next level of learning wherein we form new association between a stimulus and a response (s – r theory).

A

Associative Learning

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24
Q

The phase of classical conditioning whereby the stimulus association is learned.

A

Acquisition

25
Q

Three (3) types of memory

A
  • Episondic
  • Semantic
  • Procedural
26
Q

Five (5) theory of forgetting

A
  • Interference Theory
  • Decay Theory
  • Retrieval-Based Theory
  • Storage-Based
    Forgetting
  • Motivated Forgetting
27
Q

Simply refers to reviewing previous learning, the easiest method.

A

Relearning

28
Q

Holds that the cause of forgetting is because of conflict among information learned earlier of later

A

Interference Theory

29
Q

Involves the transfer of response from one stimulus to another stimulus through repeated pairings.

A

Classical Conditioning

30
Q

What are the three (3) kinds of verbal learning?

A
  • Serial-anticipation
    learning
  • Free recall learning
  • Paired-associate
    learning
31
Q

Suggests that lapse of time is the reason for forgetting

A

Decay Theory

32
Q

Denotes the ability to identify learned items that are familiar.

A

Recognition

33
Q

What are the three (3) stages in learning a skill?

A
  • Cognition
  • Fixation
  • Automation
34
Q

Is one where you engage in thinking just for pleasure of it like in the case of daydreaming and wishful thinking.

A

Autistic Thinking

35
Q

What are the seven (7) parameters of classical conditioning?

A
  • Acquisition
  • Reinforcement
  • Extinction
  • Spontaneous Recovery
  • Generalization
  • Discrimination
  • Higher-Order
    Conditioning
36
Q

This are memorable events in your life.

A

Episodic

37
Q

Converting the recalled observation into action

A

Motoric Reproduction

38
Q

This is a form of cue-dependent forgetting. The memory trace is present but one just cannot bring out the information.

A

Retrieval-Based Theory

39
Q

Involves the recollection of past learning/experience with the presence of cues

A

Reintegration

40
Q

Three (3) stages of memory

A
  • Sensory memory
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory
41
Q

Refers to a series of responses wherein each response leads to the next response.

A

Shaping

42
Q

The process of reproducing past learning/experience without any clue.

A

Recall

43
Q

Two (2) kinds of thinking

A
  • Realistic Thinking
  • Autistic Thinking
44
Q

Is one where you direct your thinking towards problem solving and decision-making.

A

Realistic Thinking

45
Q

The response made in one stimulus is not made possible to the others.

A

Discrimination Learning

46
Q

It involves the use of words either as stimuli or response. Some forms of linguistic abilities such as speaking, reading writing and reciting are involved in verbal learning

A

Verbal Learning

47
Q

Four (4) methods to measure memory or remembering

A
  • Recall
  • Recognition
  • Reintegration
  • Relearning
48
Q

Who discovered the classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

49
Q

Refers to the proficiency and competency in a certain kind of performance. Some forms of skills are verbal, reading and writing.

A

Skill Learning

50
Q

May take the form of suppression, a purposeful or voluntary process of blocking the information learned. This is also called conscious forgetting

A

Motivated Forgetting

51
Q

These reinforcers are learned, they refer to a stimulus that has gained a reinforcing property by having been paired with a primary reinforcer

A

Secondary Learning

52
Q

A progressive weakening of an instrumental learning due to the withdrawal of reinforcement.

A

Extinction

53
Q

What are the six (6) phenomena of interest in operant conditioning?

A
  • Shaping
  • Extinction
  • Stimulus Generalization
  • Discrimination Learning
  • Partial Reinforcement
  • Secondary
    Reinforcement
54
Q

Sensing and perceiving the important aspects of the behavior to be imitated.

A

Attention

55
Q

Who experimented the operant or instrumental conditioning?

A

B.F Skinner

56
Q

Aids the individual to become flexible with his responses to the environment.

A

Higher-order Conditioning

57
Q

Four (4) basic steps of how our memory usually works

A
  • Perception
  • Encoding/acquisition
  • Storage
  • Retrieval
58
Q

Refers to a decrease in the strength of a conditioned response resulting from repeatedly eliciting the response in the absence of the reinforcement.

A

Extinction

Introduction To Psychology (6 decks)

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