Microbiology Lesson 5

Question 1

A group of microbes that are single celled prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea. It is a unicellular that does not contain a membrane bound nucleus or organelles.

Answer 1

Prokaryotes

Question 2

a Region of cytoplasm where prokaryote’s genome (DNA) is located. Usually a singular, circular chromosome.

Answer 2

Nucleoid

Question 3

Small extra piece of chromosome/genetic material.

Answer 3

Plasmid

Question 4

cytoplasm is also known as _______?

Answer 4

proto-plasm

Question 5

It is a gel-like matrix of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structure.

Answer 5

Cytoplasm

Question 6

Bacteria’s way of storing nutrients & Staining of some granules aids identification.

Answer 6

Granules

Question 7

Cellular “scaffolding” or “skeleton” within the cytoplasm. A major advance in prokaryotic cell biology over the last decade has been the discovery of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton.

Answer 7

Cytoskeleton

Question 8

Found within the cytoplasm or attached to plasma membrane; Made of protein & rRNA; Composed of two subunits; Cell may contain thousands.

Answer 8

Ribosomes

Question 9

Separates the cell from its environment.
Phospholipid molecules oriented so that hydrophilic water-loving heads directed outward and hydrophobic water-hating tails directed inward.

Answer 9

Plasma Membrane

Question 10

Is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

Answer 10

Osmosis

Question 11

equal concentrations of a solute inside and outside of cell.

Answer 11

Isotonic

Question 12

a higher concentration of solute.

Answer 12

Hypertonic

Question 13

a lower concentration of solute.

Answer 13

Hypotonic

Question 14

2 major classes of the bacterial world

Answer 14

Gram positive (+) & Gram negative (-)

Question 15

A huge polymer of interlocking chains of alternating monomers & Provides rigid support while freely permeable to solutes.

Answer 15

Peptidoglycan

Question 16

Backbone of peptidoglycan molecule composed of two amino sugar derivatives of glucose. The “glycan” part of peptidoglycan are ________?

Answer 16

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

Question 17

NAG / NAM strands are
connected by interlocking peptide bridges.

Answer 17

The “peptid part of peptidoglycan.

Question 18

Some bacteria have an additional layer outside of the cell wall called the ______?

Answer 18

glycocalyx

Question 19

2 forms of glycocalyx?

Answer 19

Slime Layer & Capsule

Question 20

Glycoproteins loosely associated with the cell wall & Slime layer causes bacteria to adhere to solid surfaces and helps prevent the cell from drying out.

Answer 20

Slime Layer

Question 21

The slime layer of Gram+ Streptococcus mutans allows it to accumulate on tooth enamel (yuck mouth and one of the causes of cavities).

Answer 21

Streptococcus

Question 22

Polysaccharides firmly attached to the cell wall.

Answer 22

Capsule

Question 23

Dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure produced by small number of bacteria.

Resistant to radiation, desiccation, lysozyme, temperature, starvation, and chemical disinfectants.

Answer 23

Endospores

Question 24

obligate or facultative anaerobes,
endospore producers
bacillus-shaped

Answer 24

Gram Positive

Question 25

Some prokaryotes have distinct appendages that allow them to move about or adhere to solid surfaces.

Answer 25

Surface Appendages

Question 26

Long, thin extensions that allow some bacteria to move about freely in aqueous environments.

Answer 26

flagella (singular: flagellum)

Question 27

Wind around bacteria, causing movement in waves.

Answer 27

axial filament (endoflagella)

Question 28

Most Gram-negative bacteria have these short, fine appendages surrounding the cell. Gram+ bacteria don’t have.

Answer 28

Fimbriae (singular: fimbria)

Question 29

Tubes that are longer than fimbriae, usually shorter than flagella. This uses conjugation pili to transfer plasmids.

Answer 29

pili (singular = pilus)

Question 30

gonorrhoeae causes sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoeae.

Answer 30

Neisseria

Question 31

diplococci, resemble coffee beans when viewed microscopically

Answer 31

Gram

Question 32

acts as an endotoxin.

Answer 32

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the cell wall of Neisseria

Question 33

prevents host phagocytosis and aids in evasion of the host immune response.

Answer 33

Polysaccharide capsule

Question 34

cocci divide on one or more planes, producing cells in:

Answer 34

pairs (diplococci)
chains (streptococci)
packets (sarcinae)
clusters (staphylococci).