Repro01 Flashcards
(1)
(2)
(3)
(Hermaphrodite - intersex)
(occurs in all species - common in none)
- what is it?
- internal repro organs and gonads of both sexes
(one ovary and one testis)
(two ovotestes)
(4)
(Pseudohermaphrodite)
- both gonads are what?
- classified based on what?
- accessory organs modified to what?
- common in what animal?
how do they get?
what is common presentation?
- either ovary or testes
- gonad type
- the opposite sex
- pigs
hereditary
male testis with external female tract (vagina & enlarged clitoris or vestibular penis)
(Freemartin)
- female calf twin w/ male
- twinning occurs in what % of preg?
dizygotic in most cases…
are they typically sterile?
how common in goat/sheep?
- 1-2%
yes
uncommon
(6)
(Freemartin)
(Pathogenesis)
- fusion of what?
- transfer of what between fetuses?
- Gene products from male induce formation of what structures ovaries of female twin?
- What chromosomes are present in the cells of a free martin calf (lymphocytes & RBC)?
- placental circulation (anastomosis)
- embryonic hematopoietic cells (chimera)
- Sertoli cells and seminiferous cordlike structures
- both X and Y
(7)
(Freemartin)
(Gross Features)
- gonad thin cord-like structure - varies from ovary to testis (including ovotestis)
- uterus - can present how?
- is there communication of uterus and vagina?
- what is the key diagnostic feature?
- how is vagina effected?
- clitoris?
- a cord to well developed uterine horn
- no
- vestigial seminal vesicles
- hypoplastic vagina (shortened - under 3 inches long)
- enlarged
(8)
(Ovaries)
(Hemorrhage)
- “normal”: spontaneous rupture of follicle causes mild hemorrhage that sometimes produces what?
can be severe in what? when? hemorrhage into what?
(Iatrogenic)
- manual expression of corpus luteum by means of rectal palpation - how bad is bleeding?
- adhesions
mare, beginning of fall (seasonal anestrus), anovulatory follicles
- can be severe
(9)
(Ovarian Cysts)
(Paraovarian Cysts)
- cystic structures located around what?
are remnants of what?
(cystic rete)
- develop from what?
present in what region?
- the ovaries (found while spaying dogs - some are fluid filled up to 2 cm diameter)
persistent mesonephric ducts
- mesonephric ducts
hilar region (helpful for diagnosis)
(10)
(Anovulatory follicular cysts)
- definition?
cause?
occurs when?
etiology?
- are these functional?
majority of cows with follicular cysts are in what stage?
- large fluid filled cysts on ovary
failure of mature follicle to ovulate (inadequate release of LH)
postpartum in heavy producing mature dairy cows in winter
unknown (maybe intrauterine infection)
- some are
(estrogen produced - prolonged estrogenism)
(cow in constant heat - myphomania)
anestrus
(11)
Gross Appearance of Follicular cysts
(ovary)
- large, thin walled, fluid filled cyst one inch or more in diameter (> 2.5 cm).
ovum present?
single or mutliple?
how many ovaries affected?
(vulva)
- enlarged and edematous
increased secretion of what?
- no
either
one or both
- mucus
(mounting - cow in constant heat)
(12)
(Luteinized Cyst)
- caused by what?
does ovulation occur?
what undergoes partial luteinization?
- Fluid filled cyst with luteal tissue around periphery
lack what?
distinguishe from cystic corpora lutea how?
- insufficient or delayed release of LH during estrus
no
theca
- ovulation papilla
cystic has ovulation papilla (so is elliptical in cross section)
(13)
(Luteinized Cyst - cont)
- some are functional and produce progesterone over and extended length of time
keeps cows from what?
not to be confused with cystic corpus luteum - which is what?
normal cycling (anestrus)
fluid filled cavity developing within a normal functional CL after ovulation
(14)
(Cystic Ovaries in other Species)
(swine - common cause of infertitily)
- multiple, somtimes large, follicular cysts
- irregular estrous cycles
- high incidence when what are used to regulate heat?
(mare)
- cysts can develop when?
- how functional are they?
- progesterone compounds
- winter anestrus
- usually nonfunctional
(15)
(Canine and Feline - Old Age)
(Follicular cyst - heat, swollen vulva, mammary hyperplasia)
- estrogen causes development of what?
(Retained CL)
- what keeps animal out of heat?
- Interaction of progesterone and estrogen produces what?
leading to what?
- fibroids (smooth muscle tumors in femal tubular genital tract) - fibroleiomyomas
- progesteone
- cystic endometrial hyperplasia with excessive mucus secretions
pyometra