External factors effecting education - class

Question 1

What are external factors ?

Answer 1

factors outside of the educational system - such as the influence of the family

Question 2

what is cultural deprivation?

Answer 2

lacking the cultural equipment needed to succeed at school

Most of us gain the basic values and attitudes that are needed for educational success through primary socialisation.

Question 3

What are the three main caues of cultural deprivation?

Answer 3

1. language
2. parents education
3. Working class subculture

Question 4

How does language affect education?

Answer 4

language is essential part of the process of education and the way in which parents communicate affects cognitive development

Question 5

HUBBS- TAIT

Answer 5

found that when parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own understanding - ** cognitive performance improves **

Question 6

FEINSTEIN

Answer 6

educated parents more likely to praise –> child develops own sense of competence

Question 7

BERNSTEIN

Answer 7

identifies the differences between working and middle class language that influences achievement

( restricted/ elaborated code)

Question 8

what is the Restricted code?

Answer 8

limited vocabulary and is based off simple sentences.
( speech is predictable and may involve simple words or gestures)
- working class

Question 9

What is the elaborated code?

Answer 9

wider vocbulary / longer complex sentences / speech is more varied and communicate abstract ideas
- middle class

Question 10

How does the elaborated code give middle class an advantage?

Answer 10

As the elaborated code is the language used within a school setting and therefore aids the learning

Question 11

DOUGLAS

Answer 11

working class parents place less value on education - lesss ambition for their children –> children have lower levels of motivation and achievement

Question 12

FEINSTEIN

Answer 12

Middle class parents tend to be more educated - are able to give children more of an advantage through socialisation.

Question 13

Feinstein : parenting style

Answer 13

Educated parents emphasise high expectations / constant discipline ( encourages active learning)

Harsh or inconsistent discipline ( prevents independene learding to poorer motivation

Question 14

Feinstein - Educational behaviours

Answer 14

More aware of how to assist childs learning - able to get better relationship with parents

Question 15

Feinstein - use of income

Answer 15

Spend income on ways to promote child success ( Bernstein and young - parents more likely to by toys that encourage interllect)

• more likely to lack educational skills
  llikely to start school without interllectual skills

Question 16

What is the working class sub- culture?

Answer 16

The lack of parental interest into children’s education reflects the subcultural attitudes of the working class

With a large sections of the working class having different goals and beliefs to the rest of society.

Question 17

SUGARMAN

Answer 17

Working class has 4 factors that act as barriers to education
1. fatalism
2. Collectivism
3. Immediate gratification
4. Present - time orientated

Question 18

S - Fatalism

Answer 18

The belief in fate that nothing you can do in order to change your status
*If you work hard you can change your position within society *

Question 19

S - Collectivism

Answer 19

valuing being part of a group more then succeeding independently

*individual should not be held back by group loyalties *

Question 20

S- Immediate gratification

Answer 20

seeking pleasure now rather than sacrificing for future rewards

*working hard, making sacrifices for greater rewards later *

Question 21

S - Present time - orientation

Answer 21

seeing the present as more important - not having long term goals

• future orientated *

Question 22

Sugarman ( where do these factors come from?)

Answer 22

Stem from the fact that middle class jobs are more secure offering opportunity for individual advancement.

Encourages ambition

Working class jobs less secure / no way to advance

Question 23

What is compensatory education?

Answer 23

aims to tack;e the problems of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to these areas –> intervenes with primary socialisation

Question 24

Compensatory education - Operation head start

Answer 24

In 1960s million dollar scheme pre-school education with aim to develop skills and motivate children to succeed.

• improving parenting skills/ setting up nursery classes / educational psychologist visits

Question 25

KEDDIE

Answer 25

sees cultural deprivation as a victim blaming explanation

argues working class are culturally different not deprived
Working class put at a disadvantage by being in an education system dominated by middle class values

Question 26

FLAHERTY

Answer 26

fear of stigmitisation - explains why 20% eligible for FSM do not have them

Question 27

JACKSON AND CALENDAR

Answer 27

questionarre found working class students were more debt adverse

Question 28

How many more times are middle class students to go to university than working class.

Answer 28

Five times

Question 29

National union survey how many working class get help from home

Answer 29

working class - 43%
middle class - 81%

Question 30

REAY

Answer 30

working class students are most likely to apply to local unis so they can live at home - limits choice

Question 31

ROBINSON

Answer 31

to boost achievement is the best way to tackle child poverty

Question 32

BOURDIEU

Answer 32

argues both cultural and materialistic features contribute to educational achievement

Question 33

cultural capital

Answer 33

middle class learn through socialisation what the education system requires

school devalues their ‘ rough’
lack capital -

Question 35

BLACKSTONE AND MORTIMORE

Answer 35

Working class parents attend fewer school functions not de to lack of interest but they work longer hours or a lack the cultural capital to help support their children

Question 36

How can housing affect education?

Answer 36

Lack of space - physical barrier to studying
Disturbed sleep - reduces academic performance
Poor children health - psychological stress/ absence from school

Question 37

HOWARD

Answer 37

Young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals - weakens immune systems —> causes more absences from school

Question 38

BULL

Answer 38

School has additional cost of transport books which places a heavy burden on poorer families