Internal factors affecting education - class

Question 1

What is labelling ?

Answer 1

is to attatch a meaning or definition to someone - teachers often label pupils based on stereotypes assumptions

Question 2

BECKER

Answer 2

Carried out an interactionist study of labelling based interviews of 60 chicargo teachers - found they judged pupils on how well they fit the’ ideal pupil

Question 3

DUNNE AND GAZELEY

labelling in secondary school

Answer 3

argues schools consistently produce working class underachievement due to labelling

Interviewed 9 state schols and found teachers normalised underachievement of WC and felt they could do nothing the help

Concluded that the way teachers deal with underachievement itself created class differences in levels of attainment.

Question 4

RISTS

labelling in primary school

Answer 4

study of American kindergarten
* found teacher uses home info about the kids to place into groups
* fast learners labelled ‘ tigers’
* Other groups ‘ clowns’ and ‘cardinals’ were seated further away and had less of an opportunity to speak

Question 5

what is a self fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 5

A prediction that comes true simply by virtue of it being made

Question 6

what are the three stages of a self fulfilling prophecy in schools?

Answer 6

1. teacher labels student
2. the teacher treats the student according to the label as if it were true
3. The pupils internalise this belief gains confidence tries harder and is successful.

Question 7

Rosenthal and Jacobson study

positive labelling

Answer 7

• students took an IQ test
• Told teachers a certain group would spurt ahead ‘ actually randomally picked’
• On returning after a eyar found that 47% of those identified as ahead made significant progress

Question 8

Rosenthal and Jacobson study
Conclusions

Answer 8

Concluded that this occured due to teachers having conveyed beliefs to the pupils

SFP can have real effects within education and achievement

Question 9

Elliot - eye of the storm

negative labelling

Answer 9

• Teacher split class by eye colour into brown / blue – to teach impact of prejudice/ labelling

Day 1 → blue eyed viewed as superior ( given more recess / sat at the front)
Day 2 → Brown eyed viewed as superior ( labels reverted)

• Both groups complete card games on each day they academically performed better on the days where their label was seen as superior
• Emotionally they immediately accepted the view and call eachother names
  Mood dependent on their labelling status

Question 10

How can negative labelling be applied to explain the underachievement of WC pupils?

Answer 10

WC people are more likely to be negatively labelled due to external factors and therefore are more likely to underachieve within academic setting as they begin to live up to the label → SFP

Question 11

what is streaming?

Answer 11

Involves separating children into different ability groups or classes called ‘ streams’ with each being taught differents

Question 12

factors of streaming

Answer 12

• WC most likely to be put in lower streams
• Once streamed it is difficult to move up or down
• Students understand teachers have this view - SFP

Question 13

DOUGLAS

Answer 13

children placed in higher stream at age 8 improved IQ at 11

Opposite for lower stream

Question 14

GILLBORN AND YOUDELL

Answer 14

Teachers use stereotypical notons of ability to stream students most likely seeing WC as less able

• a-c ecnomy
• link of streaming to league tables
• educational triage

Question 15

What is an A-C economy ?

Answer 15

A system where school focuses its times and effort on pupils they see having the most potential to get good grades to boost their position on league tables

Question 16

What links the process of streaming to educational policies?

Answer 16

• schools adopt a-c economy in order to boost league table scores

Question 17

What is educational triage?

Answer 17

Teachers split students into 3 catergories
1. Those who will pass ( left to get on)
2. Those with potential ( supported)
3. Hopeless cases ( lack of support)

Question 18

what are pupil subcultures?

Answer 18

A group who share similar values and behaviour patterns - often emerge due to labelling as a response and reaction to streaming.

Question 19

LACEY

Answer 19

Diffrentiation / polarisation

Question 20

What is diffrentiation?

Answer 20

process of teachers catergorising pupils on how they perceive their ability/ attitude / behaviour

Question 21

What is polarisation?

Answer 21

process in which pupils responds to streaming by moving to extremes

Question 22

Reactions to streaming
pro school

Answer 22

• placed in higher streams
• remain school values
• gains status through academic sucess

Question 23

Reactions to streaming
Anti - school culture

Answer 23

• lower streams
• loose self esteem
• label of failure pushes them to gain status through inverting school rules

Question 24

HARGREAVES

Answer 24

education boys in lower stream were triple failures
11+ / lower streams / labelled worthless

solution to form a group were status earned through acting out

Question 25

BALL study of streams

Answer 25

comprehensive banning sets
found
* students didnt polarise into subcultures
* influence of anti- school culture declined
* diffrentiation continued with teahers labelling students

Question 26

WOOD variety of response

Answer 26

**ingratiation ** - being teachers pet
**Ritualism ** - staying out of trouble
**Retreatism ** - daydreaming / mucking about

rebellion - outright rejection for everything the school stands for

Question 27

what is Habitus?

Answer 27

refers to the learned, and taken for grsnted ways of thinking and being and acting that are shared by a particular social class

Question 28

What is symbolic capital and how does this favour the middle class?

Answer 28

A concept that refers to the status,recognition and sense of worth we are able to obtain from others especially those in a similar class.

As the middle class habitus gains them social capital and a positive status from school so are deemed to have value

Question 30

Criticisms of labelling theory

Answer 30

• studies useful in physically demonstrating schools are not fair
• Accused of being sterministic assuming all fail
• Marxists argue that labels are due to the fact they are in a system that reporduces class divisions

Question 31

What is symbolic capital?

Answer 31

Those who have been socialised into middle class habitus have symbolic capital that schools value while school devalues WC habitus

Question 32

ARCHER

Answer 32

WC pupils to be educationally successful they have to change how they tallk and present themselves

Question 33

What is a nike identity?

Answer 33

Constructing meaningdul class identities for themselved through styles an clothing

• schools reject this
• wearing earny symbolic capital and social approval

Question 34

ARCHER

Answer 34

MC habitus stigmatises WC habitus

So may result to self- exclusion and self elimination due to this marginalisation from schools

Question 35

INGRAM

Answer 35

Study of 2 groups WC boys
1) went to grammar school with MC habitus
2) went to local secondary school

Question 36

Ingram findings

Answer 36

• found having WC identity was inseperable and belonging to WC locality
• Boys had to choose between feeling outside at home or at school due to th differing habitus
• Experienced tension between their WC habitus and MC school

Question 37

EVANS

Answer 37

Studied group of WC girls doing a levels

• found they were reluctant to elitist universities
• strong attatchment to locality

Question 38

BOURDIEU

Answer 38

WC view russel group unis as not for people like thn and feel they will not fit in

Question 39

what decision to WC have to make?

Answer 39

Often have to make decision between maintaining WC identity or abandoning then and conforming to WC in order to academically achieve

Question 40

Links between internal and external

Answer 40

• WC habitus formed outside –> conflic with MC education
• WC use restricted speech –> labelled negatively
• Poverty –> bullying and stigmatisaiton