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physiology and anatomy > week 6: respiratory physiology: structure and function > Flashcards

week 6: respiratory physiology: structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

what is the respiraoty system

A

network of organs and tissues that helps us to breath
airways, lungs, blood vessels, respiratory muscles
collectively work toghether to move ox around body and remove waste products

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2
Q

functions of respiratory system (7)

A

-respiration
-speech and smell
-warms and humidifies atmospheric air to match body temp
-protects airways form harmful substances
-contributes to acid base balance in blood
-enhances venous return by respiratory pump
-activates certain plasma proteins as they pass through pulmonary circulation

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3
Q

respiratory function can be divided into

A

external respiration
internal (cellular) respiration

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4
Q

external respiration 4 components

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. gas exchange between lungs and blood
  3. O2 and CO2 transport in blood
  4. gas exchange: systematic tissues and blood
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5
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

movement of air into and out of lungs
inspiration and expiration
occurs as a result of bulk flow

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6
Q

gas exchange betweens lung and blood occurs via

A

diffusion

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7
Q

what does internal (cellular) respiration involve

A

using O2 withing mitochondria to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

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8
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

tidal vol+ inspiratory reserve vol

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9
Q

functional residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve vol+ residual volume

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10
Q

vital capacity

A

tidal vol+ inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve

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11
Q

total lung capacity

A

vital capacity+ residual capacity

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12
Q

hyperpnea

A

an increase in ventilation to meet an increase in the metabolic demands of the body

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13
Q

dyspnoea

A

laboured or difficult breathing

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14
Q

apnoea

A

temporary cessation of breathing

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15
Q

tachypnoea

A

rapid, shallow breathing

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16
Q

hyperventilation

A

a condition in which ventilation exceeds the metabolic demands of the body

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17
Q

hypoventilation

A

a condition in which ventilation is insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the body

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18
Q

hypoxia

A

a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues

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19
Q

hypoxemia

A

a deficiency of oxygen in the blood

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20
Q

hypercapnia

A

an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood

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21
Q

hypocapnia

A

a deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood

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22
Q

extra-thoracic airways refer to airways

A

upper airways-outside of chest

23
Q

intra-thoracic airways refers to airways

A

inside the chest

24
Q

upper airways key function

A

warm, moisten and filters air as it travels through mouth and via naval passages

25
Q

upper airways refers to air passages in

A

head and neck

26
Q

conducting zone

A

functions to conduct air from larynx to lungs
upper airway, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, smaller bronchioles, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

27
Q

respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchnane

28
Q

inner diameter as you move down conducting zone

A

decreases

29
Q

reason for abudance of cartillage in larynx and trachea

A

upper airway needs high proportion of cartillage to prevent collapsing

30
Q

bronchioles and terminal bronchioles and cartilage

A

do not contain any, makes them capable of collapsing,
therefore they contain elastic fibers to prevent

31
Q

conducting zone lined with

A

epilthelium

32
Q

function of epithelium of conducting zone

A

acts as protective barrier, secretes and absorbs substances

33
Q

function of epithelium lining larynx and trachea (and bronchi to less extent)

A

contain goblet cells and ciliated cells

34
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus
coats airways and acts to trap foreign particles in inhaled air

35
Q

ciliated cells

A

hair like projection of ciliated cells
beat together to propel mucus containing trapped particles towards glottis and pharynx- mucus escalator
prevents mucus build up in airways

36
Q

build up of mucus in airways increases likelihood of

A

respiratory tract infection
as it promotes growth of bacteria

37
Q

cilia are paralysed by

A

cigarette smoke

38
Q

at levels below bronchi, foreign matter engulfed by

A

macrophages engulf
in interstitial space and surface of epithelium

39
Q

wall of alveolus

A

single layer of epithelia cells - type 1 alveoli cells
overlying basement membrane

40
Q

fused basement membrane between alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells of capillaries

A

in many places in lungs alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells of capillaries are so close together their basement membrane fuse together

41
Q

respiratory membrane

A

capillary and alveolar walls form barrier

42
Q

respiratory membrane function

A

separates air from blood
0.5micrometres thick- essential for efficient gas exchange

43
Q

number of alveoli in human

A

3 million in a lung
100 square metre surface area

44
Q

type 2 alveoli cells and alveolar macrophages

A

engulf foreign particles/ pathogens inhaled into lungs

45
Q

dead macrophages are removed from alveolar

A

into conducting zone, swallowed with mucus

46
Q

chest wall

A

composed of structures that act and work together to protect lung
ribcage, sternum, thoracic verterbrae, associated respiratory muscles and connective tissues

47
Q

each lug surrounded by separate

A

plueral sac

48
Q

pleura composed of

A

layer of epithelial cells and connective tissue

49
Q

visceral pleura

A

pleural sac attached to lung tissue

50
Q

parietal pleura

A

pleural sac attached to chest wall

51
Q

between visceral and parietal pleura

A

intrapleural space
contains intrapleural fluid

52
Q

diaphragm is

A

highly oxidative and fatigue resistant as it is always contracting and relaxing to support pulmonary ventilation

53
Q

expiration during normal, tidal breathing is a

A

passive process
driven by elastic recoil of thoracic wall

54
Q

when does expiration become an active process

A

increasing respiratory demands

physiology and anatomy (31 decks)

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