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neuroanatomy (occu 6140) > Final 6 (Cortical States) > Flashcards

Final 6 (Cortical States) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three A’s associated with level of consciousness

A
  1. Alertness
  2. Attention
  3. Awareness
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2
Q

Level of consciousness is sustained by _______________________.

A

Conscious system networks

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3
Q

Conscious system networks mediate _____________, _________________, and __________________.

A

Conscious system networks mediate arousal, alertness and attention

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4
Q

Four key brain areas are involved in consciousness, what are they?

A
  1. Upper brainstem
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Basal forebrain
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5
Q

Which level of consciousness needs normal brainstem & diencephalic arousal circuits, and the cortex?

A

Alertness

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6
Q

Attention requires the same circuits as alertness + ________________________

A

Fronto-parietal association cortex

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7
Q

The ability to combine various higher-order forms or information from disparate regions into a unified and efficient summary of mental activity (which can be remembered at a later time)

A

Awareness

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8
Q

What are the brain centers involved in alertness?

A
  • Brainstem
  • Diencephalon
  • Cortex
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9
Q

Alertness depends on…

A
  1. Neuromodulatory systems in the brainstem
  2. The cortical regions to which these neuromodulatory systems project
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10
Q

Neuromodulatory systems involved in alertness are sometimes referred to as…

A

Subcortical arousal systems

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11
Q

Name the three brainstem modulatory systems

A
  1. Upper brainstem (midbrain)
  2. Upper brainstem and reticular formation
  3. Basal forebrain
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12
Q

Neuromodulatory systems involve two aspects, what are they?

A
  • Structure
  • Neurotransmitter
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13
Q

There are a number of neuromodulatory systems in the brainstem, each system uses different ____________________, and is involved in alertness and cognitive processes

A

neurotransmitters

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14
Q

Each neuromodulatory system contributes to different cognitive processes, true or false?

A

True

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15
Q

All neuromodulatory systems act separately to allow for alertness, true or false?

A

False, the systems cooperate to allow for alertness

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16
Q

What activates a neuromodulatory system? (Which brain regions provide input to the parts of the upper brain stem/reticular formation mediating alertness?)

A
  1. Ascending sensory inputs (anterolateral pathway)
  2. Frontoparietal association and limbic cortices
  3. Hypothalamus
17
Q

The following brain regions provide input to the upper brainstem and reticular formation for the mediation of alertness. What does each control?

  1. Ascending sensory inputs (anterolateral pathway)
  2. Frontoparietal association and limbic cortices
  3. Hypothalamus
A
  1. Ascending sensory inputs
    - Pain can increase alertness
  2. Frontoparietal association and limbic cortices
    - Cognitive and emotional processes can modulate alertness
  3. Hypothalamus
    - Fight or flight
18
Q

What happens when the brain regions that provide input to the upper brainstem and reticular formation for the mediation of alertness are damaged?

A

The individual will experience a lack of alertness/consciousness. This may present as coma, vegetative state, or minimally conscious state.

19
Q

If someone is presenting with a _____________, psychologically meaningful or purposeful responses mediated by the cortex are absent.

A

Coma

20
Q

An individual in a coma may show…

A

Reflexive eye movements (e.g., VOR), respiratory movements, and/or posturing

21
Q

Explain decorticate posturing

A

A person’s arms are flexed, and their legs are extended, indicating damage to the cerebral hemispheres.

22
Q

Explain decerebrate posturing

A

A person’s arms and legs are extended, suggesting damage to the brainstem.

23
Q

Explain the characteristics of a vegetative state

A

There are no meaningful responses, speech or gestures, but the person may open eyes and arouse in response to stimulation, turn eyes and head toward auditory and tactile stimulation, and/or have unintelligible sounds

24
Q

Explain the characteristics of a minimally conscious state

A

Can occur after the vegetative state OR as a primary state. Appearance of visual tracking may be one of the earliest signs, minimal or variable degree of responsiveness (simple commands, single words, reach/hold objects), not reliable for yes and no.

25
Q

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) assesses a patient’s level of consciousness based on their responses in three areas:

A
  • Eye opening
  • Verbal response
  • Motor response
26
Q

How do ascending sensory inputs, memories from the parietal and limbic cortices, and stress from the hypothalamus activate neuromodulatory systems?

A

Through the release of neurotransmitters

27
Q

The four consciousness neuromodulatory system structures focused on in this course are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Name the neurotransmitter associated with each structure

A
  1. Upper brainstem + reticular formation = acetylcholine & glutamate
  2. Upper brainstem = norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
  3. Posterior hypothalamus = histamine and orexin
  4. Basal forebrain = acetylcholine
28
Q

The consciousness neuromodulatory system including the upper brainstem & the reticular formation is paired with which neurotransmitter(s), what does the release of this/these neurotransmitters accomplish?

A

Acetylcholine and glutamate:
Alertness and memory

29
Q

The consciousness neuromodulatory system including the basal forebrain is paired with which neurotransmitter(s), what does the release of this/these neurotransmitters accomplish?

A

Acetylcholine:
alertness and memory

30
Q

The consciousness neuromodulatory system including the upper brainstem is paired with which neurotransmitter(s), what does the release of this/these neurotransmitters accomplish?

A

Norepinephrine:
Alertness and mood elevation

Serotonin:
Alertness, mood elevation, breathing

Dopamine:
Alertness, memory, movements, initiative

31
Q

The consciousness neuromodulatory system including the posterior hypothalamus is paired with which neurotransmitter(s)?

A

Histamine and orexin

32
Q

Dopaminergic projections systems result in…

A

Alertness, working memory, movements and initiative

33
Q

Cholinergic projection systems are responsible for __________________. If there is a pharmacological blockage of these systems what occurs?

A

Alertness and memory

Pharmacological blockage = delirium and memory deficits

34
Q

Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Tourette’s syndrome, and schizophrenia are all associated with which projection system?

A

Dopaminergic

35
Q

Medical management of Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Tourette’s syndrome, and schizophrenia acts upon…

A

Dopaminergic receptors found in the corpus striatum

36
Q

The 3 stages of “lack” awareness are:

A
  • Coma
  • Vegetative state
  • Minimally conscious state
37
Q

Name the four neurotransmitters involved in consciousness

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Serotonin

neuroanatomy (occu 6140) (20 decks)

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