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anatomy and physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

mucous membrane–lined cavity

A

Oral cavity

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2
Q
  • protect the anterior opening
A

Lips - Labia

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3
Q

form the lateral walls

A

Cheeks

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4
Q

forms the anterior roof

A

Hard palate

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5
Q
  • forms the posterior roof
A

Soft palate

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6
Q
  • fleshy projection of the soft palate
A

Uvula

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7
Q

space between lips externally and teeth and gums internally

A

Vestibule

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8
Q

area contained by the teeth

A

Oral Cavity proper

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9
Q
  • attached at hyoid bone and styloid processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum to the floor of the mouth
A

Tongue

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10
Q

two parts of the tonsils

A

Palatine and Lingual

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11
Q

located at posterior end of oral cavity

A

palatine

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12
Q

located at the base of the tongue

A

Lingual

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13
Q

Organs of the Alimentary Canal

A

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Anus

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14
Q
  • taking in food
A

Ingestion

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15
Q
  • breaking food into nutrient molecules
A

Digestion

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16
Q

movement of nutrients into the bloodstream

A

Absorption

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17
Q

excretes to rid the body of indigestible waste

A

Defecation

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18
Q

Serves as a passageway for foods, fluids, and air

A

Pharynx

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19
Q
  • posterior to oral cavity
A

Oropharynx

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20
Q

below the oropharynx and continuous with the esophagus

A

Laryngopharynx

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21
Q

Anatomy of the esophagus

A

About 10 inches long

Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm

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22
Q

Conducts food by peristalsis (slow rhythmic squeezing) to the stomach

Passageway for food only (respiratory system branches off after the pharynx)

A

Esophagus

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23
Q

Layers of Tissue in the Alimentary Canal Organs

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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24
Q

Innermost, moist membrane consisting of:

Surface epithelium that is mostly simple columnar epithelium (except for esophagus - stratified squamous epithelium)

Small amount of connective tissue (lamina propria)

Scanty smooth muscle layer

A

Mucosa

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25
Q

Lines the cavity (known as the lumen)

A

Mucosa

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26
Q

Just beneath the mucosa

Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and lymphatic vessels

A

Submucosa

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27
Q

smooth muscle

Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer

A

Muscularis externa

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28
Q
  • outermost layer of the wall; contains fluid-producing cells
A

Serosa

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29
Q
  • innermost layer that is continuous with the outermost layer of the serosa
A

Visceral peritoneum

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30
Q

outermost layer that lines the abdominopelvic cavity by way of the mesentery of the serosa

A

Parietal peritoneum

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31
Q

Alimentary canal wall contains two intrinsic nerve plexuses that are part of the autonomic nervous system. these are….

A

Submucosal nerve plexus
Myenteric nerve plexus

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32
Q

C-shaped organ located on the left side of the abdominal cavity

A

Stomach

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33
Q

Food enters at the ________ from the esophagus

A

cardio esophageal sphincter

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34
Q

Food empties into the small intestine at the ________

A

pyloric sphincter (valve)

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35
Q

Regions of the stomach

A

Cardial(cardia)
Fundus
Body
Greater Curvature
Lesser Curvature
Pylorus

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36
Q

near the heart and surrounds the cardioesophageal sphincter

A

Cardial

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37
Q
  • expanded portion lateral to the cardiac region of the stomach
A

Fundus

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38
Q

midportion of the stomach

A

Body

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39
Q

is the convex lateral surface

A

Greater curvature

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40
Q

is the concave medial surface

A

Lesser curvature

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41
Q

funnel-shaped terminal end

A

Pylorus

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42
Q

Stomach can stretch and hold_________of food when full

A

4 L (1 gallon)

43
Q

internal folds of the mucosa present when the stomach is empty

A

Rugae

44
Q

Double layer of the peritoneum
Extends from liver to the lesser curvature of stomach

A

Lesser omentum

45
Q
  • Another extension of the peritoneum
  • Covers the abdominal organs
  • Fat insulates, cushions, and protects abdominal organs
A

Greater omentum

46
Q

produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)

A

Chief Cells

47
Q

produce hydrochloric acid that activates enzymes

A

Parietal cells

48
Q

produce thin acidic mucus (different from the mucus produced by mucous cells of the mucosa)

A

Mucos neck cells

49
Q

produce local hormones such as gastrin

A

Enteroendocrine cells

50
Q

Delivers chyme (processed food) to the small intestine

A

Stomach

51
Q

The body’s major digestive organ

A

small intestine

52
Q

Site of nutrient absorption into the blood

A

small intestine

53
Q

Muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve

A

small intestine

54
Q

Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery

A

small intestine

55
Q

Subdivisions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

56
Q

Enzymes produced by intestinal cells and pancreas are carried to the _____ by ________

A

duodenum, pancreatic ducts

57
Q

____, formed by the liver, enters the duodenum via the _____.

A

Bile, bile duct

58
Q

____________ is the location where the main pancreatic duct and bile ducts join

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

59
Q

fingerlike projections formed by the mucosa

A

VIlli

60
Q

deep folds of mucosa and submucosa

A

Circular folds (plicae circulares)

61
Q

tiny projections of the plasma membrane (brush border enzymes)

A

Microvilli

62
Q
  • Collections of lymphatic tissue
  • Located in submucosa
  • Increase in number toward the end of the small intestine
  • More are needed there because remaining food residue contains much bacteria
A

`Peyer’s patches

63
Q

Larger in diameter, but shorter in length at 1.5 m, than the small intestine

A

Large intestine

64
Q

Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus

A

Large intestine

65
Q

Subdivisions of the large intestine

A

-Cecum
-Appendix
-Colon
-Rectum
-Anal canal

66
Q

saclike first part of the large intestine

A

Cecum

67
Q

Hangs from the cecum
Accumulation of lymphoid tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis)

A

Cecum

68
Q

travels up right side of abdomen and makes a turn at the right colic (hepatic) flexure

A

Ascending colon

69
Q

travels across the abdominal cavity and turns at the left colic (splenic) flexure

A

Transvers colon

70
Q

travels down the left side

A

descending colon

71
Q

S-shaped region; enters the pelvis

A

sigmoid colon

72
Q

______, _____, and _____ are located in the pelvis

A

Sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal

73
Q

opening of the large intestine

A

Anus

74
Q

formed by skeletal muscle and is voluntary

A

External anal sphincter

75
Q

formed by smooth muscle and is involuntary

A

Internal anal sphincter

76
Q

________ produce alkaline mucus to lubricate the passage of feces

A

Goblet cells

77
Q

________ is reduced to three bands of muscle, called teniae coli

A

Muscularis externa layer

78
Q

Accessory Digestive Organs

A

Teeth
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder

79
Q

Humans have two sets of teeth during a lifetime, these are ____ and ____ teeth

A

Deciduous and permanent teeth

80
Q

Teeth are classified according to shape and function

A

Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars

81
Q

Give their Functions:

Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars

A

Incisors - cutting
Canines (eyeteeth) - tearing or piercing
Premolars (bicuspids) - grinding
Molars - grinding

82
Q

Two major regions of a tooth

A

Crown and root

83
Q

exposed part of tooth above the gingiva (gum)

A

Crown

84
Q

covers the crown

A

Enamel

85
Q

found deep to the enamel and forms the bulk of the tooth, surrounds the pulp cavity

A

Dentin

86
Q

contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers (pulp)

A

Pulp cavity

87
Q

where the pulp cavity extends into the root

A

Root canal

88
Q

covers outer surface and attaches the tooth to the periodontal membrane (ligament)

A

Cement of the root

89
Q

Periodontal membrane holds tooth in place in the bony jaw

A

Root

90
Q

Three pairs of salivary glands

A
  • Parotid glands
  • Submandibular glands
  • Sublingual glands
91
Q

Found anterior to the ears
Mumps affect these salivary glands

A

Parotid glands

92
Q

Both submandibular and sublingual glands empty saliva into the floor of the mouth through small ducts

A

Sublingual glands

93
Q

Mixture of mucus and serous fluids
Helps to moisten and bind food together into a mass called a bolus

A

Saliva

94
Q

Saliva contains___

A

Salivary amylase - begins starch digestion
Lysozymes and antibodies - inhibit bacteria

95
Q

Soft, pink triangular gland
Found posterior to the parietal peritoneum
- Mostly retroperitoneal
Extends across the abdomen from spleen to duodenum
Produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food
Secretes enzymes into the duodenum
Alkaline fluid introduced with enzymes neutralizes acidic chyme coming from stomach

A

Pancreas

96
Q

Hormones produced by the pancreas

A

Insulin and Glucagon

97
Q

Largest gland in the body

Located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm

Consists of four lobes suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by the falciform ligament

A

Liver

98
Q

is yellow-green, watery solution

A

Bile

99
Q

Green sac found in a shallow fossa in the inferior surface of the liver

A

Gall bladder

100
Q

movement of materials back and forth to foster mixing in the small intestine

A

Segmentation

101
Q

movement of foods from one region of the digestive system to another

A

propulsion

102
Q

alternating waves of contraction and relaxation that squeeze food along the GI tract

A

Peristalsis

103
Q

Essential processes of the GI tract

A

Ingestion, Propulsion, Food breakdown(mechanical), Food breakdown(digestion), Absorption, Defecation.

104
Q
A

anatomy and physiology (10 decks)

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