Chapter 7&8 Kin Review

Question 1

What are the Three key energy nutrients?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins

Question 2

What are the three metabolic pathways?

Answer 2

ATP-PC, Glycolysis, Cellular Respiration

Question 3

ATP allows for ________, _________ muscle contraction

Answer 3

quick, intense

Question 4

Glycolysis does not involve _______ and ________ is a byproduct.

Answer 4

oxygen, lactic acid

Question 5

Cellular respiration involves the complete breakdown of ___________ and requires _________ to go through.

Answer 5

glucose, oxygen

Question 6

What are the two energy systems?

Answer 6

Anaerobic and Aerobic

Question 7

What are the three muscle types?

Answer 7

Type I fibres (slow oxidative), Type IIA fibres (fast oxidative glycolytic), Type IIB fibres (fast glycoytic)

Question 8

What is the order on circulation of blood?

Answer 8

Right Atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary arteries
The lungs (pulmonary circulation)
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta
Superior and Inferior vena cava

Question 9

Definition of Electrical Excitation of the heart

Answer 9

Cardiac muscle cells are excitable, contracting with electrical stimulation, forming a syncytium.

Question 10

Within the heart there are areas of specialized tissue that are important in the regulation and coordination of electrical activity, these specialized tissues are the ____________ and the __________

Answer 10

Sinoatrial Node and Atrioventricular Node

Question 11

This is the specialized tissue that transmits the electrical signal from the atria into the ventricles and to a region that runs down the ventricular septum. The ventricular septum is the tissue that separates the two ventricles

Answer 11

The atrioventricular node (AV node)

Question 12

This is a specialized region of tissue that is found in the right atrium where electrical signals that lead to contraction are initiated

Answer 12

The sinoatrial node (SA node)

Question 13

Components of blood;
Plasma __%
50% _____
7% ___________
__% others
——
Formal Elements __%
99% ___ blood cells
1% ___ blood cells

Answer 13

Plasma 55%
50% water
7% plasma proteins
3% others
——
Formal Elements 49%
99% red blood cells
1% white blood cells

Question 13

___________ _______________ is the circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle

Answer 13

Coronary Circulation

Question 13

Cardiac Output (Q = ___ x ___)

Answer 13

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

Question 13

Coronary arteries supply ____________ blood to the _________ ________. Cardiac veins then drain away the blood after it has been _____________

Answer 13

oxygenated, heart muscle, deoxygenated

Question 14

________ __________ (Q): is the volume of blood pumped out by the left ventricle in one minute. At rest, it’s around 5-6 L/min, but during heavy exercise, it can surpass 30 L/min.

Answer 14

Cardiac Output

Question 15

Two main factors contribute to cardiac output:

Answer 15

Stroke Volume and Heart Rate

Question 16

_________ _________ is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle in a single heartbeat. It’s calculated as the difference between the Left Ventricular End _________ Volume (LVEDV) and the Left Ventricular End ________ Volume (LVESV).

Answer 16

Stroke Volume, Diastolic, Systolic

Question 17

_________ ________ is the number of heart contractions in one minute (bpm)

Answer 17

Heart rate

Question 17

___________ _________ refers to the maximum pressure observed in the arteries during the contraction phase of the ventricle (e.g., 120 mmHg)

Answer 17

Systolic pressure

Question 17

__________ ________ refers to a gradual increase in HR and decrease in SV during prolonged exercise.
It’s caused by a reduction in ________ volume due to excessive sweating and redistribution of blood flow to the skin.

Answer 17

Cardiovascular Drift, plasma.

Question 18

________ ________ is the minimum pressure observed in the arteries during the relaxation phase of the ventricle (e.g., 80 mmHg)

Answer 18

Diastolic pressure

Question 19

During exercise, dramatic changes occur in the cardiovascular system - changes known as_____________ ____________

Answer 19

Cardiovascular Dynamics

Question 20

The four factors that are considered when discussing cardiovascular dynamics are:

Answer 20

Chapter output
Blood Pressure
Distribution of blood flow
Oxygen consumption

Question 21

__________: air flows into the lungs due to increased lung volume following the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
This is a ______ process

Answer 21

Inspiration, active

Question 22

__________: air is expelled from the lungs due to relaxation of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles.
Can be a ________ process

Answer 22

Expiration, passive

Question 23

The primary factor that mediates gas exchange both at the lung (where blood becomes ___________ and _____ is removed) and at the tissue (where ____ is delivered for metabolism and _____ is removed) is diffusion

Answer 23

oxygenated, CO2, O2, CO2

Question 24

Diffusion is the movement of a gas, liquid, or solid from a region of _____ concentration to a region of ____ concentration through random movement.
Diffusion can only once occur if a difference in concentration exists, and such a difference is called a ______________ ______________.

Answer 24

high, low, concentration gradient

Question 24

The process by which O2 is absorbed in the lungs and carried to the peripheral tissue

Answer 24

O2 Transport

Question 25

The process by which CO2 in blood is moved into the alveoli and exhaled from the body.

Answer 25

CO2 Transport

Question 26

The difference between the amount of O2 in the artery and vein reflects the amount of O2 that was deprived to the muscle.

Answer 26

a-vO2 diff

Question 27

Breathing results from the ____________ and ___________ of the inspiratory muscles and the expiratory muscles

Answer 27

contraction, relaxation

Question 28

The contraction of muscles is dependent on stimulation from the ______________

Answer 28

central nervous system

Question 29

disease characterised by spasm of the smooth muscles that line the respiratory system, an oversecretion of mucus and swelling of the cells lining the respiratory tract

Answer 29

asthma

Question 30

general term that describes a family of diseases that lead to a dramatic reduction in airflow through the respiratory system

Answer 30

COPD

Question 31

Individuals with _______ cannot perform normal everyday activities without experiencing dyspnea (shortness of breath)

Answer 31

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 32

Definition of max VO2

Answer 32

The max volume of O2 that the human body can use in one minute per kilogram of body weight while breathing air at sea level

Question 33

Definition of oxygen deficit

Answer 33

difference between the oxygen required to perform a task and the oxygen actually consumer prior to reaching a new steady state

Question 34

Definition of ventilatory threshold

Answer 34

a state in which ventilation increases much more rapidly than workload

Question 35

Definition of lactate threshold

Answer 35

the point where blood lactate concentrations begin to increase

Question 36

When lactate levels begin to accumulate rapidly in the blood, this is referred to as the ______________________.

Answer 36

Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)